定语从句讲解与练习.doc

清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授研究组提供初中英语时态总结动词的时态 英语共有16种时态，根据近几年曝光的四、六级考卷分析，时态测试重点主要有：完成时态现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时；进行时态现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、完成进行时；一般时态。 一、一般时态 1、一般现在时 (1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week等连用。例如： 1)The moon moves round the earth. 2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day. (2)在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如： 1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him. 2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow. (3)某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave等。例如： 1)The plane leaves at three sharp. 2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow. (4)在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如： 1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first. 2)Youll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授研究组提供2.一般过去时 (1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如： We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film. (2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如： 1)He always went to class last. 2)I used to do my homework in the library. (注意与be used to doing短语的区别) 3.一般将来时 1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如： I shall graduate next year. 2)几种替代形式： 1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如： Im going to buy a house when weve saved enough money. 2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如： I am to play tennis this afternoon. 3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如： He was about to start. 4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事，必定发生的事。例如： The train is due to depart in ten minutes. 5)be on the point/verge of +v ing强调即将发生的某种事态。例如： The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home. 清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授研究组提供二、进行时态 1.现在进行时 (1)表示现在正在进行的动作，常与now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等连用。例如： Dont disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now. (2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作，常与always，continually，forever，constantly等连用。例如： My father is forever criticizing me. (3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如： They are leaving for Hong Kong next month. (4)有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉，感情，存在，从属”等的动词。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，(表示感觉的词)；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive(表示感情的动词)；be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在状态的动词)；have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示占有与从属的动词)；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember(表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态。例如： 1)Tom looks pale. Whats wrong with him? (look在此为联系动词，意为“显得，看上去”) 2)Tom is looking for his books. (look在此为实义动词，意为“寻找”) 2.过去进行时 过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如： 1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered. 2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk. 3.将来进行时 将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如： 1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema. 2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening? 4.完成进行时 (现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述。 三、完成时态 完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为： 1.现在完成时 (1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作(常与yet，already，just连用)，或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况(常与for，since连用)。例如： 1)I have just finished my homework. 2)Mary has been ill for three days. (2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如： 1)I havent been there for five years. 2)So far, she hasnt enjoyed the summer vacation. 3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中： This (That, It) is (was) the first (second) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如： (1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting. (2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening. 2.过去完成时 (1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如： 1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. 2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles. (2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如： I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasnt able to get away. 另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是： 1)was / were + to have done sth,例如： We were to have come yesterday, but we couldnt. 2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如： I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. (3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型： 1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如： Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. 2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如： No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. 3)by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如： The experiment had been finished by 4 oclock yesterday afternoon. 3.将来完成时 将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如： 1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai. 2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 oclock. 3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left. 4.完成进行时 完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。 (1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如： I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still havent found it. (2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如： It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places. (3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如： By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours. 清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授研究组提供四：时态一致 时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是： 1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态 He says that he lives in Wuhan. We hope that there will be many people at your party today. “Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I dont know who bought it.” “Theres a lot of excitement on the street.” “There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?” 2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候，从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态 He said he was writing a novel. The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment. He said his father had been an engineer. 3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时，从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如： The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder. 注：在此种情况下，即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态，从句谓语也应用一般现在时。 4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时，还应注意，若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词，从句谓语只能用虚拟语气，不能遵循时态一致原则。例如： We insisted that we do it ourselves. 动词的语态 语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。 1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态) 2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态) 1.不能用于被动语态的动词和短语 (1)在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。 (2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。 2.被动语态的时态形式 常用的被动语态有表1所列的几种时态形式。 表1 时?SPAN lang=EN-US 一般时 进行时 完成时 现在 am asked am being asked is asked is being asked are asked are being asked 过去 was be asked was being asked were be asked were being asked 将来 shall be asked shall have been asked will be asked will have been asked 过去 should be asked should have been asked 将来 would be asked would have been asked 3.短语动词的被动语态 短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如： 1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at. 2)All the rubbish should be got rid of. 4.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态 “get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如： The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 另外，“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如： get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚) get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解) get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸) get married(结婚) 5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态 (1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保留下来。例如： 1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态) 2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态) 3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态) (2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如： 1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态) 2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态) 6.被动语态与系表结构的区别 (1)The novel was well written.(系表结构) (2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态) 7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思 例1：The book is selling remarkably well. 例2：The song sounds very beautiful. 能这样用的动词还有read(读起来)，clean(擦起来)，wash(洗起来)，write(写起来)。 例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned). 能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。 例4：The meat is cooking. 例5：The book written by the professor is printing.清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授研究组提供定语从句讲解与练习清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授研究组提供 定语从句讲解和练习一、概念: He is the boy who often goes to school late. 先行词 关系词 定语从句二、原则： a.定语从句必须紧紧地跟在先行词后面，限制修饰先行词。 b.定语从句必须用关系词来引导。 c.关系词在定语从句中作一个句子成分.三、扩大. She is the old woman whom I saw this morning. Mary is the girl whose parents work in Japan. Is this the key which you are looking for? October 1, 1949 is the day when New China was founded. This is the house where the great man was born. I dont know the reason why she looks unhappy today.四、下列定语从句只能用that来引导： 1.先行词为形容词最高级所修饰 This is the longest bridge that I have ever seen. 2.先行词为序数词所修饰I happened to be the thousandth guest that visited the great hotel.This is the first composition that he has ever written in English. 3.先行词既包括人又包括物They talked of things and persons that happened in the school.He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 4.主句是who或which开头的特殊疑问句中的定语从句 Who is the man that came this morning? Which is the bag that you lost? 5.先行词为the only, the very, the last, the same所修饰的定语从句 He is the very person that the police are looking for. This is the only thing that I can remember. 6.先行词是everything, nothing, something, all, little, much, everybody等不定代词 Tell us everything that you know, please. Is there anything that you dont understand? 7.先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much修饰时All that glitters is not gold.Ive read all the books that you gave me.五、“介词+ 关系词” 及关系副词when, where, why1). The box is full of bottles. He is standing on the box. - The box on which he is standing is full of bottles.The box where he is standing is full of bottles.2). This is the train. We work on the train.-This is the train on which we work.This is the train where we work.3). I know the reason. She did it for the reason.-I know the reason for which she did it.I know the reason why she did it.4). The man is our school master. You shook hands with the man just now. - The man with whom you shook hands is our schoolmaster.5). The pen is made in Shanghai. She is writing with the pen. - The pen with which she is writing is made in Shanghai. 不能拆开的词组： look for / look after / catch hold of /take care of / put on / take off.六、非限制性定语从句只对先行词起补充，说明的作用，常用逗号分开。关系代词用who(m), which，关系副词用where ,when. 非限制性定语从句不能用that来引导.This was the American Civil War, which lasted 4 years before the North won in the end.He was taken to another room, where he found a wounded boy, who was dying.七、as 作为关系代词， 习惯上用于下列词组：the same.as such .as as . as， soas1. Take as many books as you want.2. Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.3. He read such books as will make him wiser.4. The town is about the same distance from Nanjing as Yangzhou is. As 用于非限制性定语从句，常见以下句型：as you know, as we have seen, as is known to all, as anybody can see, as was expected, as we can imagine, as has been pointed out as与which的用法区别：as与 which在非限制性定语从句中，都可指代整个主句，但as引导的从句可放在主句的句首, 句中或句尾， 而 which引导的从句只可放在主句的句尾As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth.Oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth, as we have seen.She was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honour.八、the sameas, the same that 的区别 This is the same bag as I lost yesterday. （相似的事物） I am wearing the same coat that I wore yesterday. （同一事物）九、定语从句和同位语从句的区别: 定语从句相当于形容词作定语， 对先行词加以限制或修饰，同位语从句相当于名词，对先行词加以补充或说明，连接词that在定语从句中充当某个成分，而that在同位语从句不充当句子成分.The promise that my uncle gave me made us happy. （定语从句）The promise that my uncle would give me a new bike made us happy. (同位语从句)The news that they had won came.十、 关系代词what和that, which的区别: 先比较下列句子中的what和that:He told us the things that he had seen. - He told us what he had seen.This is the words which I said. - This is what I said. 可以看出what 实际上等于是 “the thing that(which)”, 即 “先行词+关系词”. 因此在句中如果已有先行词，则不能用what，而只能用that(which)，如没有先行词，则用what。what是 一个没有先行词的关系词。定语从句练习 一. 用适当的关系词填空：1. We are learning English, a language _ is used in many places in the world.2. Most Americans love Chinese food, _ is cooked in a different way from western food.3. This magazine belongs to the teacher _ teaches us history.4. Anyone _ comes to China will surely visit the Great Wall near Beijing.5. Anyone _ has a cold should have a good rest.6. The house _ stands on the top of the hill was built last month.7. The medicine _ he bought is good for your health.8. He is the only person _ saw the accident yesterday.9. Tom is trying to read in the room _ the others are watching TV. 10. We wont forget the day _the hero was killed.11. The student _ the teachers are talking about has won the first prize in the English contest.12. The newspaper _ you are reading is two days old.13. Do you remember the time _ we got lost in the park?14. Ill never forget the time _ we spent together in the army camp.15. They are building a hospital on the street _ we used to live.16. The present _ he gave her yesterday evening is still unopened.17. Happiness is one of the things _ money cannot buy.18. This is the hospital _ her mother works.19. Ill never forget the day _ I joined the League.20. The house _ was pulled down last week is being rebuilt.21. The man _ wife died last year has gone to Japan.22. Tell me the reason _ the American lady left.23. Do you know the boy _ was praised at the meeting?24. I know the girl _ the teacher praised yesterday.25. Allen is the girl _ I think will succeed in the test.26. Everything _ I know will be taught to the students.27. This is the best film _ I have ever seen.28. The manager walked toward the gate _ the workers are waiting.29. You cant go into this room _ they are having a meeting.30. I still remember the days _ we studied together.31. The picture _ has a house and flowers is the one I like best.32. Dont make the same mistake _ you did last time.33. He failed in the exam, _ surprised us all .34. He did all _ was necessary to be done.35. Her parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor.36. Tom, _ parents are poor workers, always goes hungry.二. 用“介词+关系代词”填空：1. Have you ever read the book _ _ there are many pictures?2. The man _ _ he had a talk yesterday is a doctor.3. The library _ _ we often borrow books is very large.4. The gentleman _ _ you just spoke is our headmaster.5. This is the new bicycle _ _ I spent five hundred dollars.6. Here are the table tennis players, some _ _ are our old friends.7. The tool _ _ he is working is called a spade.8. China has hundreds of islands, the largest _ _ is Taiwan.9. The school has 2600 students, two thirds _ _ are girls.10. Water is a liquid, the freezing point _ _ is 0C.11. Give me a piece of paper _ _ I can write the phone number.12. The boy built a telescope _ _ he could study the skies.三. 选择填空：1. The village _ I once worked has changed a lot. A. which B. where C. that D. /2. China is a developing country, _ we all know. A. whom B. as C. that D. which3. He told me of the people and interesting things _ he had seen in America. A. which