专业英语(塔科马大桥).docx

1.塔科马大桥的简介塔科马海峡大桥位于美国华盛顿州的塔科马海峡。绰号舞动的格蒂，大桥于1940年7月1日通车，四个月后戏剧性地被微风摧毁，同年11月，在19m/s的低风速下颤振而破坏，震动了世界桥梁界.Tacoma tacoma Narrows bridge is located in the American state of Washington tacoma tacoma Narrows. Nickname dancing getty, the bridge was opened on July 1, 1940, four months after the dramatic breeze destroyed, in November the same year, in 19 m/s flutter under low wind speed and damage, the bridge shook the world2.该桥垮塌过程及原因大桥在1940年6月底建成后不久，人们就发现大桥在微风的吹拂下会出现晃动甚至扭曲变形的情况。因此通车后一直有专业人员进行监测。1940年11月7日上午，7:30测量到风速38英里/小时（约61公里/小时），到了9:30风速达到42英里/小时（约68公里/小时）。引起大桥波浪形的有节奏的起伏。10:03突然大桥主跨的半跨路面一侧被掀起来，引起侧向激烈的扭动，另半跨随后也跟着扭动。10:30大桥西边半跨大块混凝土开始坠落，11:08大桥最后一部分掉进大海。Soon the bridge was built at the end of June 1940, it was found that the bridge will be shaking and even distorted the situation in the breeze. Therefore, after the opening has been a professional monitoring The morning of November 7, 1940, 7:30 to measure wind speed of 38 miles per hour (about 61 km / h), the 9:30 winds reach 42 miles per hour (about 68 km / h). Cause the rhythm of the waves of the bridge. 10:03 suddenly the main span of the bridge across the road to the side of the road was lifted up, causing a violent side of the twist, and the other half followed by twisting. 10:30 bridge on the west side of a large block of concrete began to fall, the last part of the 11:08 bridge fell into the sea.事后人们对垮塌的原因分析众说纷纭，其中空气动力学和共振流传最广。共振是驱动力的频率和受迫振动物体的固有频率相同，从而使受迫振动的物体的振幅达到最大。司机在桥上驾车时可以见到另一端的汽车随着桥面的扭动一会儿消失一会儿又出现的奇观。因为这种现象的存在，当地人幽默地将大桥称为“舞动的格蒂”。Later analysis of the cause of the collapse, the most widely spread of aerodynamics and resonance. Resonance is the frequency of the driving force and forced vibration natural frequency of the same object, so that the maximum amplitude of the forced vibration of the object. The driver while driving on the bridge can be seen at the other end of the car as the deck of the twisting moment disappeared appeared. Because of the existence of this phenomenon, the locals in a humorous way to bridge, called dancing getty.大桥的倒塌发生在一个此前从未见过的扭曲形式发生后，当时的风速大约为每小时40英里。这就是力学上的扭转变形，中心不动，两边因有扭矩而扭曲，并不断振动。这种振动是由于空气弹性颤振引起的。颤振的出现使风对桥的影响越来越大，最终桥梁结构像麻花一样彻底扭曲了。随着越来越多的钢缆断裂，最终桥面承受不住重量而彻底倒塌了。Bridge collapse occurred in a never before seen a distorted form happens, the wind speed is about 40 miles per hour. This is on the mechanics of torsion deformation, the center, on both sides was distorted because of torque, and vibration. The vibration is caused by elastic vibration of air. The appearance of the flutter wind effects on bridge is more and more big, the final bridge structure like twist completely distorted. As more and more of the wire rope fracture, and eventually collapsed bridge bear weight and thoroughly.3.我国目前桥梁频繁垮塌的情况简介目前，据一家媒体不完全统计，自2011年算起，5年来，全国共有37座桥梁垮塌，其中13座在建桥梁发生事故，共致使182人丧生，177人受伤。平均每年有7.4座“夺命桥”，即平均不到两个月就会有一起事故发生。从所调查到的24座桥梁事故来看，2009年3起，2010年4起，2011年6起，到2012年发生8起，桥梁事故逐年增长。At present, a media according to incomplete statistics, since 2011, 5 years, a total of 37 bridges collapsed, 13 of which were built in the bridge accident, causing 182 people were killed and 177 injured. There are 7.4 deadly bridge annually, or an average of less than two months will have accident. From the investigation of the 24 bridge accidents, 2009 3, 2010 4, 2011 6, 8 in 2012, the bridge accident increased year by year.4. 你对我国目前桥梁频繁垮塌的分析施工质量：桥梁质量方面如果出现问题，主要原因在于施工环节和桥梁保养环节。我认为“一方面是施工的分包。施工往往会有劳务分包，这是很正常的。对于劳务分包的区域，总施工单位(中标单位)会承担培训、监督等作用。其实，施工质量最怕的是层层转包。因为层层转包就会形成高资质+低造价的组合牌。通过层层转包，价格层层被剥皮。到了最底层的包工头手里，超低的报酬，会直接降低施工质量。现在国家已经严令禁止层层转包。”然而，转包、分包却成为业内的普遍现象。“另一方面就是压缩工期，也就是赶工期。以混凝土为例，如果施工方面压缩工期，会用各种方式加速混凝土凝固，都可能会使得混凝土强度不够。为桥梁埋下质量隐患。”“除此之外，施工队伍素质参差不齐，管理不严、培训不到位也是很大的原因。因为，施工队伍几乎全部由临时工组成，对施工质量造成了很大的影响。”Construction quality: if there is a problem in the quality of the bridge, the main reason lies in the construction link and bridge maintenance link. I think on the one hand is the construction of the sub package. Construction often have labor subcontracting, which is very normal. For labor subcontracting area, the total construction unit (unit) will undertake training, supervision and other functions. In fact, the construction quality is most afraid of subcontracting. Because the layers of subcontractors will form brand high quality and low cost. Through the layers of subcontracting, the price is peeling layers. At the bottom of the hands of contractors, low pay, will directly reduce the construction quality. Now the country has been strictly prohibited subcontracting. However, subcontracting and has become a common phenomenon in the industry. On the other hand is the compression period, namely rush deadlines. Taking concrete as an example, if the construction side compression period, will use a variety of ways to accelerate the solidification of concrete, may make the concrete strength is not enough. To bridge the quality of hidden dangers. In addition, the quality of the construction team is uneven, lax management, training is not in place is also a great reason. Because the construction team is almost entirely composed of temporary workers, the quality of the construction caused a great impact年久失修：桥梁的养护和检测维修不到正如海恩法则所言，每一起严重事故的背后，必然有29次轻微事故和300起未遂先兆以及1000起事故隐患。隐患的发现和避免，成为桥梁居安思危的关键所在。24起桥梁事故中，因为“年久失修或日常管护不到位”造成的事故有5起，占20.8%。Disrepair: bridge maintenance and inspection and maintenance to rule as Hayne said, behind every serious accident, and there must be 29 minor accidents and 300 threatened and attempted accidents since 1000. The discovery of hidden trouble and avoid, become a key bridge where the danger. 24 bridge accident, because no place disrepair or day-to-day management of accidents caused by 5, accounting for 20.8%.超载运行：桥梁坍塌事故中，在官方通报的原因中，大货车超载超限通常是酿成事故的最重要的诱因。由于超载而引发的事故有很多都集中在夜晚和凌晨。据统计，在24起事故中，有11起发生在夜晚9点到早上6点间，占45.8%。大车司机也坦言，也就这个时间，交管查的少，路上车少能跑得起来，就趁这会儿多跑跑。然而，无论怎样罚款，超载现象仍然屡禁不止。Overload operation: bridge collapse accident, in the official reason, big truck overloading transfinite often is one of the most important cause of accident. Due to overload that results in accidents there are a lot of is concentrated in the night and early in the morning. According to statistics, in 24 cases, 11 in the night, between 9 a.m. to 6 a.m. accounted for 45.8%.Cart driver also admitted that, there would be this time, check the less traffic, less car on the road to run, just run around at the moment. However, no matter how fine, prohibition overload phenomenon still.5. 你的思考，看法和总结 作为一个即将走向社会的土木毕业生，我们应当从现在起就树立“认真，严谨，务实”的工作作风，从源头开始，在设计上要安全合理，考虑不同环境下对结构物的影响，不能有一丝一毫的马虎。在工程施工过程中要紧抓安全生产，要坚持底线，避免出现豆腐渣工程，以免给人们交通出行带极大的潜在威胁，给国家经济发展造成损失。当建筑物完工后，日常检测维修不能省，这样既能对结构物的使用情况提供实时监控，又能避免后期大量的维修费用。提高使用期限。总的来说，我希望自己走向工作岗位之后，能够“不忘初心，方得始终”，坚持自己原本的方向和目标，最终达到成功的彼岸。与君共勉一句话“乘风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海”co