英语论文 浅析《远大前程》主要人物性格变化的内外因素.doc

摘 要 英国是一个历史文化悠久的古老国家，从伊比利亚等早期居民时代到凯撒大帝统治的罗马时代，再到诺曼征服，文艺复兴，工业革命，大英帝国一路收获的不仅是经济的强大，更有无与伦比的绚烂文化。这其中，莎士比亚独占鳌头，唯独十九世纪批判现实主义杰出代表，小说家狄更斯可与之媲美。此文正是关于狄更斯代表作远大前程的分析。狄更斯是十九世纪英国最伟大的小说家，狄更斯这不仅是因为他非凡的观察力和想象力，文章能牢牢抓住人物的性格特征，在人物塑造当中赋予角色独特的个性与生命，更在于他的小说不仅真实地反映了整整一代人的生活经历,而且生动地揭示了19 世纪中叶整个英国的社会现实,其深度与广度远远超过了同时代的其它大部分作品。远大前程是狄更斯晚期一部重要的作品，可以说是集批判现实主义小说之大成。小说围绕主人公匹普成长历程展开描写，叙述了匹普“远大前程”的幻灭过程 ，事实证明其在纸醉金迷的上流社会里所追逐浮华都毫无价值。为了使人们更好的理解这部作品，并更清楚的看到狄更斯作品中批判现实主义的强大力量，本文旨在对他的远大前程中各主要人物的性格发展的影响因素进行分析。关键词：远大前程；狄更斯；主要人物；性格变化；内外因素Abstract Britain is an ancient country with a long history and culture, from early-age residents of Iberia, to Roman times ruled by Julius Caesar, and then to the Norman conquest, the Renaissance, the industrial revolution, the British empire not only harvests all the economy boom, but also has a sea of incomparable gorgeous culture. Among them, Shakespeare pulls ahead, only the nineteenth century outstanding representative of critical realism, novelist, Dickens is the comparable. Generally regarded as the greatest literary geniuses of his time in Victorian England, Charles Dickens (1812 -1870) enjoyed a wider popularity than any previous author had done during his lifetime “because of the magnitude of his artistic achievement and because of the comprehensiveness of the picture it gives of his age. This article is about to analysis Dickens masterpiece great expectations. Dickens was named the nineteenth century Britain greatest novelist, not only because his special powers of observation and imagination, but his article can hold characteristics into unique individual character and life. His novels not only reflect the whole generation of life experience, but also vividly reveal the picture of middle age of the nineteenth century, and the whole of the UK social reality. Their depth and breadth are far more than the contemporary other works. Great expectations is an important work written by Dickens in his old age, we can say this is the greatest achievement of critical realism. This novel describes around the hero Pip, and his great expectations of disillusion process, through the facts he finally realized his target for the flashy life in a luxury and dissipation in polite society was of no value. In order to make people better understand this works, and more clearly see Dickens works great power of critical realism, this article focus on the influence factors of the development of the main characters. Key words: great expectations ；Dickens；main figures；development of character；inner and outer factorsTable of ContentsOutline1Introduction3Chapter I Dickens Cultural Position and the Content of the Great Expectation 41.1 The Important Status of Dickens41.2 The Main Content of the Great Expectation 4Chapter II Several Main Characters Personality Development Process72.1 The Original Characteristics of the Main Figures72.1.1 The Original Characteristic of Pip72.1.2 The Original Characteristic of Joe Gargery72.1.3 The Original Characteristic of Miss Havisham82.2 The Development of Characteristics of the Main Figures102.2.1 The Development of Characteristics of Pip102.2.2 The Development of Characteristics of Joe Gargery112.2.3 The Development of Characteristics of Miss Havisham12Chapter III Analysis of the Inner and Outer Factors for the Above Development143.1 The Inner Factors143.2 The Outer Factors15Chapter IV Conclusion17Bibliography18Acknowledgements20Outline Thesis statement: Through the analysis of several main characters personality development process, we get the inspiration that we should have strong heart and use external factors positively. I . Dickens is the most important figure in the English literature, knowing his cultural position is the first step to analysis the Great Expectation .A. The important statue of Dickens will never be overestimated, for that studying him canshow us a panorama of his times.B .As the most distinctive master work of Dickens, the Great Expectation can not only indicate how Dickens is, but also itself is a appreciating book.II . Character is the soul of a book, and in order to know a work better, we have to study itscharacters and in this book, the development of the main characters is the most sparking point.A. We need to know how the original characteristics of the main figures are so that we canset the basis of the cooperation.1. Pip is a kind hearted boy and full of sympathy.2. Joe Gargery is an honest, industrious, mild, good-natured and easy-going dear fellow.3. Miss Havisham is an eccentric and most impressive woman.B. The development of the main characters is the more weighting part, in this one we can find that how these figures grow up and change.1. Pip changes little by little and almost becomes a bad man.2. Joe becomes unselfish and warm-hearted.3. Miss Havisham becomes an invalid in heart.III . For any development, there are some reasons; no matter they are about outside forces or inside eager, so in this part I am going to analyses the inner and outer factor for the above characters.A. Inner factors include family, family condition, faith and knowledge etc.B. Outer factors include environment, friends, others help etc.IV. Conclusion: We should actively use external factors to pursue the great expectations.Introduction My first name was Philip, but when I was a small child I could only manage to say Pip. So Pip was what everybody called me. I lived in a small village in Essex with my sister, who was over twenty years older than me. With the words, we are into a story: This article is about to analysis Dickens masterpiece great expectations”. Dickens was named the nineteenth century Britain greatest novelist, not only because his special powers of observation and imagination, but his article can hold characteristics into unique individual character and life. His novels not only reflect the whole generation of life experience, but also vividly reveal the picture of middle age of the nineteenth century, and the whole of the UK social reality. Their depth and breadth are far more than the contemporary other works. Great expectations is an important work written by Dickens in his old age, we can say this is the greatest achievement of critical realism. This novel describes around the hero Pip, and his great expectations of disillusion process, through the facts he finally realized his target for the flashy life in a luxury and dissipation in polite society was of no value. Chapter I Dickens Cultural Position and the Content of the Great Expectation 1.1 The Important Status of Dickens Dickens is the most significant novelist of the English. In English history of culture, there is one peak that cannot be surpassed by any other figures. Dickens is the only comparable outstanding figure with William Shakespeare.Dickens is the greatest novelist in 19th century, critical realism outstanding delegates. His novels is not only a true reflection of the whole generation of life experience, but vividly reveals the mid 19th century Britains entire social reality, the depth and breadth is far beyond the contemporary most other works .Dickenss later work Great Expectations (1861), which is considered as his artistic masterpiece, is the most perfectly constructed of all Dickenss novels. “Surely the characters in Great Expectations are the greatest collection in all of English fiction.”(Dickens 279) 1.2 The Main Content of the Great Expectation” Dickens is one of the worlds best-loved writers, and Great Expectations may be Dickens most autobiographical work. Although an earlier novel, David copperfield, followed the facts of Dickens life more closely, the narrator David seems a little too good to be true. The narrator of Great Expectations, Pip, is, in contrast, a man of many faults, who hides none of them from the reader. If Pip is a self-portrait, Dickens must have been a reservoir of inferiority complexes, guilt, and shame. The beginning of the novel is set shortly after Dickens birthdates (1812) in the country of his childhood-the Kentish countryside by the sea (the nearest large town is Rochester, where Miss Havisham lives). Dickens wasnt an orphan, as Pip is, but he may well have felt like one. His parents were sociable, pleasant people, but when Charles, who was the eldest boy, was nine, the Dickenss pulled up roots and moved to London to try to live more cheaply. Charles was appalled by the cramped, grubby house they lived in there, and even more ashamed when his father was arrested and taken to debtors prison. “The rest of the Dickenss were allowed to move into prison with their father, but twelve-year-old Charles had to live alone.” (Ashley 9) In spite of his depression, Dickens managed to include in Great Expectations the untranscended comedy he was known and loved for. His driving need to please his public kept him on balance. The novels themes, however, are very serious. He writes about human nature itself, a mixture of misery, joy, hope, and despair. Dickens wrote it because his vision of life was growing complex, and he was too great a genius to simplify it. Luckily, he was also a great enough genius to write a book that people could enjoy. Though Dickens bared his psychological problems in this novel, he was still trying to reach out to his readers, to make them see their own lives more clearly. Perhaps this is why people love Dickens-because he is so human, so honest, and so much likes all of us.In this novel, Dickens set the beginning in a village cemetery, a small boy, Pip, is accosted by a runaway convict Magwitch who demands food and a file to saw off his leg iron. Pip helped him. Not long after this, Pip is invited to the gloomy home of rich, eccentric Miss Havisham, who wants a boy to play for her amusement. But Pips real role at Miss Havishams turns out to be as a toy for Miss Havishams adopted daughter, Estella, who has been raised with one purpose-to break mens hearts, Pip falls in love with Estella and becomes self-conscious about his low social class and unpolished manners. From then on, his abiding dream is to be a gentleman.Then a London lawyer, Jiggers, comes to the village to tell Pip that he has come into a fortune from an anonymous source. Finally, he came to know that it was Magwitch who helped him. (Blamers 23) Back in London, Pip learns that Magwitch once had a baby girl, but she was abandoned by her mother. Piecing together evidence, Pip realizes with shock that Estella was that baby girl. Later, he accepted a job in an overseas branch of Herberts office. Returning to England many years later, Pip visits Miss Havishams house, which has been pulled down. Estella is there, too. As they walk away hand in hand, it looks as though they would finally get together.Chapter II Several Main Characters Personality Development Process2.1 The Original Characteristics of the Main Figures Great Expectation” contains a lot of characters, such as Pip; his sister, Mrs. Joe Gargery; the town blacksmith Joe; Mr. Wopsle; Mr. and Mrs. Hubble ; Miss Havisham, eccentric old lady who lives up town ; Estella , Miss Havishams snooty , beautiful daughter ; Biddy ; Orrick ; Vompeyson ; Abel Magwitch ; Miss Skiffins and so on . In my paper, I focus on three main figures .They are Pip, Joe Gargery, and Miss Havisham.2.1.1 The Original Characteristic of Pip The novel begins at the church graveyard on Christmas Eve. Pip informs us that he is an orphan and lives in the marsh country. (Julie 29) An escaped convict appears and threatens Pip. He commands Pip to bring him a file and vittles (food) or hell cut Pips throat. Although Pip is scared to death, and knows clearly that the man is a escaped dangerous prisoner, he goes back home to steal food and even a bottle of brandy for him, and gives him a smooth file to help him to cast off the iron chain. On Pips way to the church graveyard, he imagines that all the animals are sneering and blaming him. The leopard cat hung in the food cupboard is calling Joe wake up to seize the thief, and the cattle are talking about his misconduct and scoring him, which are the typical illusion of a naive little kid. So at the first place Pip is described as a kind hearted boy and full of sympathy. (Douglas 19)2.1.2 The Original Characteristic of Joe Gargery Joe is Pips brother-in-law, but there is a big gap in their ages. He actually plays the role of Pips father. But this father is somewhat different because he in fact has authority in the family run by Mrs. Joe. Compared with Pip, Joe is only a fellow-sufferer of Mrs. Joes cruelty. Joes situation and influence is too feeble. He is an honest, industrious, mild, good-natured and easy-going dear fellow. Pip always treats him as a large species of child, and as no more than his standard. He protects and loves Pip. Joe is not well educated and even has difficulty in spelling his own name, but Joe encourages Pip to learn. Joe is also very forgiving. When talking about the causes of his tolerance of Mrs. Joe, Joe says: Im dead afraid of going wrong in the way of not doing whats right by a woman, and Id fur rather of the two go wrong the other way, and be a little ill-conveniences myself. I wish it was only me that got put out, Pip; I wish there wont no tickler for you, old chap; I wish I could take it all on myself.（Dickens 101） From this part of novel we can clearly see that Joe is the most kind-hearted person who is willing to do every thing to help pip, and to satisfy his wife. The image of Joe maybe the most direct influence positive factor that make Pip grow up as such an honest and simple boy that at the very ending, readers can have quite a beautiful picture.2.1.3 The original characteristic of Miss Havisham In Great Expectation, the distinctive character Miss Havisham attracts critics and researchers attention, the articles at home referred to the analyses on the character and image of Great Expectation are numerous. In a typical study of this type, Li Guangming (2007) suggested that Miss Havisham is a victim of complex forces which from her family and the bourgeois society. Miss Havisham is an eccentric and most impressive woman that Dickens had ever created, who is even regarded as mad by some critics because of her appearance, behaviors and words. However, Miss Havishams fate is tragic: She is jilted by Compeyson on their wedding day. From then on, she lived an eccentric life and aimed to revenge on all men. Through Pips eye, we can find that at the first place Miss Havishams cruelty lies in the following aspects: First, she is cruel to her relatives. Once she is cheated by Compeyson, she decides to maltreat those people around her. She believes in nobody but her lawyer. She let everything in her house stop and rot. In her mind, there is nothing but hatred and revenge. Every year on her birthday, her relatives would come to see her; on such occasions, she uses all kinds of sharp words to mock those relatives because of their greed for her wealth. By doing so, she can get satisfaction in seeing her relatives presence, compliment and greed to no avail. Secondly, she is also cruel to herself. Actually, she is the victim who suffered most. A woman using her whole life to revenge is so terrible and so pitiable. Everyone could experience setbacks in life and should learn from them; unfortunately Miss Havisham learns nothing from her failure but hatred feeling. Also her revenge is not for someone specific, but for the whole human race. She hates almost everyone just because she is wronged once. This is unreasonable. Thus, all the people around her suffered, especially those who were near her, like Pip and Estella. She seems to be a ghost in the bridal clothes with a wicked smile on her face. The revenge on men is also revenge on herself. What she had gained is far fewer than what she has given out-her youth, happiness, common thoughtAt last, even Estella treats her coldly. She is so disappointed and miserable. Just as the adage goes: As you brew, so you must drink. Whereas some critics feel that Miss Havisham has her own limitations, as Cai Wei (2006) claimed that her insane actions dont start from her abnormal psychology but her double personality. (Jiang 35-39) Great Expectation “attracts the attention of scholars coming from a wide variety of critical approaches: feminist, new historicist, psychoanalytic, and deconstructionist, as well as from more traditional historical and formalist perspectives.”(Patten. R. L. 24)2.2 The Development of Characteristics of the Main Figures2.2.1 The Development of Characteristics of Pip In Great Expectation, moral, social, and educational factors are the motivation of Pips best and his worst behavior throughout the novel. First, Pip hankers for moral self-improvement. He is extremely stringent on himself, and when he acts immorally he feels deeply guilt. It is these that push him to act better courtesy in the future. After he is being aided financially to live a high-level life in London, he is overcritical about himself on having behaved so wretchedly toward Joe and Biddy. So this gives a best improvement of Pip. To a extent, moral factor makes up the good Pip. Second, Pip hankers for social self-improvement. In love with Estella, he longs to become a member of her social class, and, is encouraged by Mrs. Joe and Pumblechook; He entertains fantasies of becoming a gentleman. Although seeking for higher and more decent social status should not be over criticized, at that time, the so-called upper society is full of rot and hypercritical figures. What they care is to compare unrealistically and fabrica