issue 人物素材.doc

教育 爱因斯坦：Einstein：cast doubt on the Newtons classical mechanics and discovered the famous theory of relativity ,which promoted the appearance of atomic bombs and fusion reaction which could triggers enormous energy。马加爵：a student of Yunnan University, murdered four classmates of him because of trifles. If the university have put more effort to the education of values and morals and how to could cooperate and get on well with others , he could have never done such evil things。牛顿：Were it not for Einsteins doubt about Newtons towering three fundamental laws of mechanics in some special area, we wouldnt have the chance to embrace the spark of the Theory of Relativity, followed by the birth of atomic bombs and the discovery of fusion reaction that can produce enormous release of energy. And we owe a lot to Galileo for questioning the strongly-entrenched theory of Aristotle that the earth is the center of the universe, which finally leads Galileo to put forward the Sun-centered Theory and together with other great pioneers, they successfully shattered the rigid doctrines of the Catholic churches and enabled the human being to have a reactionary and prosperous century, which we call Renaissance.凡高 Van Gogh: 艺术类文章里引用,如arts and critics,greatness总是超前时代的所以只能由后人评判,history强调individual(因为在艺术历史领域只能强调individual),还有percive world with different eyes也可以引用这个例子.此人的另类抽象painting风格和当时的审美标准不符,故遭排挤,而几百年后的critics才发现他的价值.Van Gogh, Dutch painting, whose still life paintings are marked an unprecedented price for 50 million, sold only one of his paintings during his entire life. Van Gogh was not accepted by the people of world in his time and his work was considered no artistic value until hundreds of years after he had died. His long struggle with depression ended in suicide. 哥白尼 Copernicus: 引用题目有:greatness超前时代,挑战权威(当时是church),history强调individual(因为在科学研究领域只能强调individual).此人是日心说,当时宗教教育说是地心说,死前才公布自已的论断(因为怕早死).Copernicuss heliocentric theory was not accepted until hundreds of years after he had been persecuted by government to death.莫扎特 Mozart: greatness只能由后人判断的反面例子.此人音乐才华在世时就被教皇看重,给以了很多赞助,使其.毕加索 Picasso: greatness只能由后人判断的反面例子,arts反映hidden ideas的反面例子.此人是20世纪最伟大的画家,其画风格为cubism,很多人说他的画只反映个人的ideocyncratic,而没有反映社会的hidden ideas,此人在世时就被判为greatness了.林肯 Abraham Lincoln: history关注individuals,effective leader要随机应变,just and unjust laws.此人南北战争,解放黑奴,没有他,可能就没有今天这样的美国了.据说他在南北战争前是不支持解放黑奴的,而之后又支持了.马丁路德金 Martin Luther King: leaders要有很高的moral and ethical standards,history关注individuals的重要性,just and unjust laws,学习历史的重要性.此人为黑人获得与白人相同的权利发起了黑奴运动,他的I have a dream演讲教育了一代一代人.他的moral and ethical standards是不用说的,没有这个individual,美国黑人现在可能还要坐在汽车后面的座位.莎士比亚 Shakespeare: greatness由后人评判的反面例子,survive and arts里强调arts可以培养人什么的.此人的介绍我就不多说了.贝多芬 Beethoven: arts的重要性,arts and critics.此人为著名作曲家,命运激励了多少人,当时的critics也批斗过他,因为standards很rigid and stale.希特勒 Hitler: 不能迷信权威啊,学习历史的重要性啊(不重蹈覆辙),history强调individual啊.此人是著名战争狂,由于全国人都迷信他的言论才能坐上首相位置,学习他的例子可以使现在的社会不重蹈他的覆辙,他这个individual也反映当时common people/multitude的普遍value:战争主义,chauvinism.加利略 Galileo: 不迷信权威,history强调individual(因为在科学研究领域只能强调individual),beginner and expert.当时的expert和authority就是Aristotle亚里士多德,认为物体越重下降越快.而此人证明了其实都是一样快的.亚力士多德 Aristotle: 和加利略一起举例.爱因斯坦 Einstein: 不迷信权威.greatness由后人判断的反面例子.beginner and expert中expert的劣势.此人证明了权威牛顿三大定律只能在宏观世界有效,而不适于微观世界.其greatness在其在世时就确立了,他曾说过,自从他成名后,就没能找出一段完整属于自己的时间来深入思考这个世界了.牛顿 Newton. 不迷信权威,greatness由后人判断.此人是个权威,被爱因斯坦挑战见爱因斯坦那条.华盛顿 George Washington: history研究individual的重要性.leaders 要有moral standards. 此人为美国开国总统,没有他开了连续任两届总统就得下台的先河,可能美国在他之后好久都是专制国家,因为当时有人要他当皇帝.凯萨 Caesar. history研究individual的重要性. 此人即是亚利山大大帝,所建立的亚力山大帝国地跨三大陆.研究那个帝国如果研究他,只研究multitude怎么能研究得下去?托马斯.杰佛森 Thomas Jefferson: 这个有点想不起来用在哪里了.此人说过all men are created equal-the declaration of independence:甘地 Gandhi: greatness的文章,leaders and moral standards的文章. 此人是印度的建国祖师,坐过很多牢,stoic,情操很高,结果可以只demenstration来和平解放印度.拿破仑 Napoleon: individual的重要性. 此人是著名战争狂,他的发起的战争虽然很荒唐,但却被法国中场阶认为很浪漫,他的individual反映当时的普遍价值观.肯尼迪 Kennedy: scandals,leaders should have moral standards. 此人在位时很大程度缓解了苏美关系.却有marital scandals.所以scandals会distract us from peoples real responsibility.罗斯福 Roosevelt(FDR):individual的重要性,领导要听取群众意见,随机应变. 此人有两大贡献:发动反德战争,带美国走出Depression.没有他的发动战争宣言,可能WWII不会这么快结束.据说一位英国著名经济学家曾写信给他说要他采取苏联模式来政府介入自由经济,操控经济,才使他在1930年代出台各种政府措施来改善经济,使得经济复苏(大国崛起里说的).成吉斯汗 Genghis Khan: 领导要听取群众意思,而不是有强硬持久的原则和目标: 这个也不用介绍了.斯大林 Stalin: 同成吉斯汗.达尔文 Darwin: 挑战权威. 进化论的祖师爷,写过the origin of species.挑战当时普遍的神创论.孟德尔 Mendel: expert and beginner,data的重要性. 因为是expert,因为做了十年研究积累了大量data,才由统计学原理发现了law of Inheritance.瓦特 Watt James: 很多都适用,如creativity很重要啊,兴趣很重要而不是老去考虑对社会会有什么贡献啊. 此人发明了蒸汽机,从小喜欢机械,并一直研究.里根 Reagon: 投资类题目适用. 他发起了星球计划.为将来的太空军备竞赛作准备.结果由于工程浩大而放弃,浪费了很多钱,所以投资都应该用在对社会有实在好处上.居里 Mary Curie: 学习历史人物的重要性,失败是成功之母. 此女人经过十年才找到radium这种元素,并把提取方法毫无保留地与全世界共享,获得了若贝尔奖.其坚持不懈的品质值得学习,其十年失败,终成功的例子说明了失败是成功之母.克里克 Crick: imagination and knowledge. 此人很变态,发现DNA结构是由于做梦!麦克斯维 Maxwell: imagination and knowledge,greatness由后人判断. 此人是著名物理学家,他大胆推测出电磁场理论electromagnetism并给予理论证明,但当时很多人不能相信,在他死后就有人从实验室证明了他的理论.Bacon advocated the idea of testing the authority in order to gain real knowledge. Cause knowledge acquires certain skepticism to whatever we study even since the dawn of our civilization. Human beings have paid tribute to Copernicus for the first step he took in ignoring established boundaries and challenge long-standing assumption of astronomy for publishing his Heliocentric conjecture that the earth and other planets revolves around the sun. Same thought have also preoccupied Descartes who considered holding little suspicions to the wholly spread religions is the only way to expunge prejudice from our mundane life. 兴趣的作用Beethoven, one of the greatest composers and musicians, created many symphonies. Astonishingly, he produced his most famous symphony, Chorus, with complete deafness. How could he manage it? It must be the prominent imagination that stimulated him to struggle and thrive, thus he can even listen in spite of no hearings.生前作品没有被认可(Monet, Van Gogh)Monet did not find acclaim and wealth to later in his life and at times suffered through extreme poverty. Success also allowed him some degree of freedom in his work.Emily Bronte was a British novelist and poet, best remembered for her one novel Wuthering Heights, an acknowledged classic of English literature. But it received mixed reviews when it first came out, the book did not become an English literary classic until forty years later.作品难懂(Monet)Monets famous work Impression: Sunrise was not understood initially, since it seems peculiar for a large amount of blue was used as the major color for sunlight. However, this work eventually earned its reputation and had led to the name for impressionism1、竞争和合作Competition is a way of life in todays world. The capitalist society encourages competition. Individuals and companies alike, for the sake of survival in competition, must continue to improve their services and products, and as a result, the entire society prospers, at least economically.竞争好处（电脑更先进，通讯更发达，价格更低）-in businessIn the past decade, we have seen computers shrinking in size, increasing in power, and declining in price. We have also seen a rapid expansion of telecommunications networking at a reducing price. All of these good things happen only because of competition. 科技问题（媒体，科学技术）Technological change associated with industrialization and modernization has created vast challenges as well as benefits. 技术带来了好处，同时也带来了挑战挑战- stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction（军备）, genetic engineering and biotechnology（基因）, robotics, and the globalization of electronic telecommunications（全球化）Unemployment and the loss of personal privacy and control, from ethical dilemmas to social inequality, and from cultural lag to cultural colonialism（失业，个人隐私，伦理，社会不平等，文化落后，文化殖民）GLOBAL WARMING- an average increase in the Earths temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate.影响- The quality and quantity of drinking water, water availability for irrigation, industrial use, and electricity generation, and the health of fisheriesA estimated 50 cm rise in sea level by the year 2100, could inundate more than 5,000 square miles of dry land and an additional 4000 square miles of wetlands in the U.S海平面上升臭氧洞 ozone hole- absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun能源问题One is that most of the energy we use comes from fossil fuels, including coal, petroleum, and natural gas,. These natural resources are not renewable目前的主要能源都是不能再生的带来的问题（污染）Combustion causes the release of various pollutants, such as carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide, which pose health risks and may contribute to acid rain and global warming.renewable energy from the sun , the wind, and wate可生资源、nuclear energyHuman cloning人类克隆- not morally and ethically rightGenetic engineering can be used to make many aspects of human life betterreduce the amount of potentially dangerous chemical substancescure diseases at the DNA level. 日本地震：核电站发生核泄漏政治目的A politicians job is to build, maintain, and expand the wealth, prosperity and political influence of his nation; district, county, state or what have you.（政治的用途）道德与政治的共同点和区别Both morality and politics serve to regulate or direct human behavior. They differ, however, in the strength of their regulation and demand different, though related, personal qualities.区别在于强度不同As a regulator, morality is directed towards the other: it concerns interpersonal relations and interrelations between the person and group.（道德的特性人与人之间，人与团体之间）Politics regulates mainly relations between the groups and the state and between the different socio-political organizations; directly or indirectly these are connected with the function of state power.（政治的特性，团体与国家之间，社会政治团体之间，通过国家权利连接）The boundaries between the spheres of morality and politics are very flexible. In some periods particular relations can be regulated by moral mechanisms, which in other perio