对外汉语教学教案——长江汉语.doc

长江汉语Changjiang hanyu2009年11月目 录语音派对第一课第二课第三课第四课第五课第六课第七课第八课第九课第十课第十一课第十二课第十三课第十四课第十五课第十六课第十七课第十八课第十九课第二十课Pronunciation Party主题（theme）：汉语语音 Chinese phonetics内容（contents）：声母、韵母、声调；拼写规则initials, finals, tones and the spelling rules.目的（objectives）：1.学会汉语拼音的声母、韵母和声调Learn initials, finals, and the tones of Chinese pinyin; 2.基本的拼读和声调练习basic pronunciation and tones drills.汉语的音节一般由声母、韵母和声调三个部分构成。例如：lo、sh两个音节，它们的构成如下：声母：l、sh；韵母： o、i；声调：、。Chinese syllables are made up of three components: initial, final, and tone. Take the two syllables “lo、sh ”for example, the structure is composed of the initials “l” and “sh”, the finals “ao”and “i”, and the tones “ ” and “ ”.一、声母和韵母 initials and finals（一）声母 finalb p m f d t n l k h j q x zh ch sh r z c s（二）韵母 initial o e i er i ei o ou n en n en ong i io ie iou(-iu) in in in in ion u u uo ui uei(-ui) uan uen(-un) un e n n （三）拼读练习 pronunciation drills1声母与单韵母拼合initial-simple final combinationsbpmfdtnlkhbpmfdtnlkhobopomofoemedeteneleekeheibipimiditinili ubupumufudutunuluukuhunl2声母与复韵母拼合initial-compound final combinationsneioouuuouiuineioouuuouiuikknkeikokoukukuokuikuihhnheihohouhuhuohuihuillnleilolouluonnnneinonounuoiieioiuellilielioliuLenninienioniune3声母与鼻韵母拼合initial-simple final combinationsbpmfdtnlnbnpnmnfndntnnnlnenbenpenmenfendennennbnpnmnfndntnnnlnenbenpenmenfendentennenlenuanduantuannuanluaninbinpinminninlininbinpinmindintinninlinondontonnonlon4声母j、q、x与韵母的拼合 the combinations with j,q,xas initialsiiieeininininjjijjijiejejinjinjinjinqqiqqiqieqeqinqinqinqinxxixxixiexexinxinxinxin5声母zh、ch、sh、r、z、c、s与韵母的拼合 the combinations with zh、ch、sh、r、z、c or s as initials.zhchshrzcsizhichishirizicisiezhechesherezecesenzhnchnshnrnzncnsnnzhnchnshnrnzncnsnonzhonchonronzonconson6y、w开头的音节 the combinations initiated by y and w.yiyuyinyinynynyunyunyonwuwwowiweiwnwenwnwen二、声调 the tone（一）四声the four tones汉语普通话有四个基本声调，可分别用符号表示如下。There are four possible tones in putonghua as shown by the following tone marks.（1）第一声 The first tone 高平调，用声调符号“”表示，如m。The High and Level Tone shown by “ ”, e.g. m.（2）第二声 The second tone 升调，用声调符号“ ”表示，如m。The Rising Tone shown by “ ”, e.g. m.（3）第三声 The third tone 降升调，用声调符号“”表示，如m。The Falling-and-Rising Tone shown by “ ”, e.g. m.（4）第四声 The fourth tone 降调，用声调符号“ ”表示，如m。The Falling Tone shown by “ ”, e.g. m.这四个基本声调的高低升降情况通常用下面的声调示意图来表示：The above four tones are illustrated in the following tone-graph: 5 ：第一声The first tone 4 55 3 ：第二声The second tone 2 351 ：第三声The third tone 214 ：第四声The fourth tone 51 普通话的声调有区别语义的作用。每个音节都有一定的声调，声调不同意义也不同。如m（妈），m（麻），m（马），m（骂）。 Tones in putonghua have the function of signaling meaning. Each syllable has a certain tone. Difference in tone can signal a difference in meaning, e.g. m（妈 mother），m（麻 hemp），m（马 horse），m（骂 curse）.（二）变调 the modulation of Chinese tones1、三声变调 tone change of the 3rd tone两个第三声音节连读时，前一个要读成第二声。例如：N ho N ho。When a third tone precedes another third tone, the first third tone becomes the second tone, e. N ho N ho.2、半三声 the half 3rd tone第三声音节在第一、二、四声及轻声音节前，读成半三声，即只读第三声的前一半降调（接近低平调）。When followed by a first or second or fourth tone, or a syllable in the neutral tone, the syllable of the third tone changes into a half-third tone. That is, only the falling part (close to low-level tone) of the third-tone-syllable is read out.3、“一”的变调 Tone changes of “一” 数词“一”的本调是第一声，单独念、数数或作为序数使用时，读本调。例如：The numeral word “一” is the first tone. When used alone, used for counting, or as ordinal number, “一”keeps its first tone. E.g.一 y 一号y ho 第一课dy k one number one lesson one“一”后边音节是第一、二、三声时，“一”读成第四声。例如：When a syllable preceded by“一”with the first, second or third tone, “一”changes to the fourth tone. e.g.一天ytin 一年ynin 一本ybnone day one year one book“一”后边是第四声时，“一”读成第二声。例如：When a syllable after “一”with the fourth tone, “一”turns into the second tone. 一下儿yxir 一共ygng one time; once altogether4、“不”的变调 Tone changes of “不”“不”的本调是四声，但在另一个第四声音节前边时，变成第二声。例如： The basic tone for “不”is the 4th tone. It changes to the 2nd when it is immediately followed by another 4th tone syllable, e.g. 不是 bsh 不谢bxi（三）轻声 The Neutral Tone汉语中有些音节不带声调，念得很轻，很短。这样的音节就叫轻声。在拼写中，轻声音节不标调号。例如：nmen、wmen、zoshn、wnshn、(n)ne、(ho)m。 A syllable pronounced weak and fast without tone is called the neutral tone syllable, and it is not marked with a tone, e.g.nmen wmen zoshn wnshn (n)ne (ho)m（四）儿化韵 er 有时韵母er和前一个音节的韵母结合成为儿化的韵母。汉字写作“儿”（r）。如：哪儿、那儿、点儿。Sometimes the vowel “er” goes with its preceding syllable to form a retroflex ending. The Chinese character for “er” is “儿（r）”, e.g. 哪儿,那儿,点儿.（五）练习 practice1、四声唱读Read aloud each of the following syllables in four tones.b b b b bb 爸爸 fatherm m m m mm 妈妈 mother e 哥哥elder brothermi mi mi mi mimei 妹妹younger sisterd d d d ddi 弟弟younger brothert t t t t 他/她he,him,she,herlo lo lo lo lo 老 oldsh sh sh sh losh 老鼠 mouseshn shn shn shnh h h h sh sh sh sh sh 十 tennn nn nn nn nn 男 male, manrn rn rn rn nnrn 男人 manxn xn xn xn nnxn 男性 maleyo yo yo yo yo 腰 lower backxu xu xu xu xu 雪 snowyu yu yu yu yu 月 moony y y y y 雨 rainy y y y yy 雨衣 rain coatyn yn yn yn yn 鹰 eagleu u u u Ynu 英国Englandxio xio xio xio xio 小 small; littlehi hi hi hi xio hi 小孩childx x x x x 西 westu u u u xu 西瓜watermelon（2）辨声母n-l d-t ssh zh - znnln jq fnhn mn - lnnolo hm ssh qunjun ni-li ml shisi nn-lni - ki i - ki i - ki nu-lun - kn u - ku u ku xio-qioshn- rn shu - ru ru shu xi - hjio - xio qn - xn u ku h - m （3）辨韵母mo-mn mn-mn dn-dn do-dnnn-nn j-jn ln-ln l-lnkn-kn hn-hn shn-sh zn-znu - u ku - ku u u i-nyn - yn jn - jn qn - qn u-kukn - ku u - n hn hu u-uju - ji xi - xu y-yu xu-yuxn-xn rn-rn xio-tio ku-kn （4）变调练习 tone changesnho hnho miho wbi bihiky yf iy fdo suyuwzu suy Knz chnzhn bioynhn o hn nn hn d ho le n hn li mfn ho m bn bn bnlihn bn hn pn hotn hown hokny tin y nin y bn yn yxirb ch b h b shu b dub li b xn b tn b nnb mi b ln b d b hob bi b q b mi b u（5）轻声练习 the neutral tonebb ddi mimei e mm jijietmen nmen wmen t de n de w dexixie pnyou xinshen xusheng yzi sngzibi de hun de hi de ln de hn demn m m li m le li le（6）儿化韵练习 Retroflexed syllablesliotinr mishr yxir ykuirxiohir hownr yudinr ynjnrydinr chnr qnr zinr（7）音节连读Read each multi-syllable unit in the continuous manner.cdin dumin dnrn bi jcdi qinb shnchn unpnyy losh lixushngWng losh Hny losh hun n qin shnchn dumin yyun lbin ssh zubin ynhn pnbin chosh wibin jiosh hubin三、语音知识Chinese pronunciation（一）汉语音节的构成Chinese syllable structure汉语的音节一般由声母、韵母和声调三个部分构成。例如：lo、sh两个音节，它们的构成分别为：声母：l、sh；韵母： o、i；声调：、。 Chinese syllables are made up of three components: initial, final, and tone. Take the two syllables “lo、sh” for example, the structure is composed of the initial “l”, “sh”, the final “ao”, “i”, and the tone “” , “”.（二）声调符号的标注规则 Rules for tone markin1、韵母一个时标注在它的上边。When in a syllable there is only one vowel, the tone mark is placed over it.2、韵母是复韵母时，按下列顺序标注：If the final is a compound final, follow the followin rules:（1）有时标注在的上边。例如：zo、shn。If “a” in the compound final, the tone mark is over it, as in “zo、shn”.（2）没有时标注在o、e的上边。例如：w、k。If “a” is not in the syllable, the tone mark oes to the top of “o” or “e”.（3）