国际贸易的基本理论1.doc

国际贸易的基本理论 国际贸易产生的原因 Reasons for international trade1) Resource reasonsFavorable climatic conditions and terrain（地形）Natural resourcesSkilled workersCapital resourcesFavorable geographic location and transport costs2) Economic reasons Absolute advantage 绝对优势by Adam Smiths in The Wealth of Nations（1776）亚当斯密国富论（简称）An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 国民财富的性质和原因的研究 （全称）He assumed that each country could produce one or more commodities at a lower real cost than its trading partners.It then follows that each country will benefit from specialization in those commodities in which it has an “absolute advantage”, exporting them and importing other commodities which it produces at a higher real cost than does another countryComparative advantage（比较优势）by David Ricardo in Principle of Political Economy（1871）大卫李嘉图（17721823）英国著名经济学家，是最早使经济学系统化的思想家。其代表作为政治经济学及赋税原理。他进一步发展了亚当斯密的“地域分工论”，提出了以“比较成本学说”为核心的国际贸易理论。他的这一理论及其以后对该学说的补充、发展，被称为“国际贸易纯粹理论”或“一般理论”。Main point： A country should make the product that yields it the greatest advantage or the least comparative disadvantage两利之中选其重，两害之中选其轻3） Political reasons: Political objectives can sometimes outweigh（在重要性上超过）economic considerations between countries. One country might trade with another country in order to support the latters government which upholds the same political doctrine（教条，学说）.一、国际贸易（international trade）的含义： 从国际的角度来看，商品与服务的对外交换活动就是国际贸易。1986年开始的GATT乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判，将国际贸易的涵义扩展为货物进出口、技术贸易和服务贸易三大内容.二、国际贸易实务的概念: 国际贸易实务，或称进出口贸易实务，是一门专门研究国际间货物买卖的有关理论和实际业务的课程。它涉及国际贸易理论与政策、国际贸易法律与惯例、国际金融、国际运输与保险等学科的基本原理与基本知识的运用。Benefit of International Trade:a.Cheaper goodsb.Greater variety when goods come from more countriesc.Wider market with increasing number of trading partnersd.Growth of economy1货款的支付：In international trade, payment can be made by various means: drafts（汇票），promissory notes（本票）， checks（支票），money orders（汇款单，邮政汇单）, credit cards（信用卡）, and cash（现金）, etc. Cash is rarely used except for some small transactions.2 Draft/Bill of exchange（汇票）Definition: A draft or bill of exchange is an unconditional order（无条件命令） in writing signed by one party（drawer,出票人）requesting a second party（drawee,受票人/payer付款人）to make payment in lawful money immediately or at a determinable future time to a third party（payee,收款人）。In the context of international trade, the drawer and payee is usually the seller and the drawee and payer is usually the buyer. 汇票是出票人签发的，委托付款人在见票时或者在指定日期无条件支付确定金额给收款人或者持票人的票据。 在国际贸易中，出票人和收款人通常是卖方，受票人和付款人通常是买方。3汇票的票据行为包括： 出票（issue）、提示（presentation）、承兑（acceptance）、付款（payment）、背书（endorsement）、贴现（discount）、拒付（dishonor）与追索（recourse）4本票（promissory note）: 是出票人签发的，承诺自己在见票时无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或持票人的票据。A promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person（the maker）to another （the payee/the holder）signed by the maker engaging to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum of money to or to the order of a specified person or to bearer（持票人）.5支票: 支票是出票人签发的，委托办理支票存款业务的银行或者其他金融机构在见票时无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或者持票人的票据。A check is an unconditional order in writing addressed by the customer（drawer）to a bank（drawee）signed by the customer authorizing the bank to pay on demanding a specified sum of money to or to the order of a named person or to bearer（payee）.6汇票、本票和支票比较1.证券性质：汇票和支票属于委托他人付款的证券，即属于委托支付证券；本票是由出票人自己付款的票据，故属于自付证券或承诺证券。2.付款责任：汇票的出票人对付款人没有法律上的约束，付款人是否愿意承兑或付款，是付款人自己独立的行为，但是，汇票一经承兑，承兑人要承担到期付款责任；本票的付款人就是出票人自己，一经出票，出票人就要承担付款责任；支票的付款人只有在出票人在付款人处有足以支付支票金额存款的条件下，才负有付款责任。7 draw v. （banking 银行）1.To write a cheque or bank order that instructs a bank to make payment to another person or organization开具；写出（支票或银行汇款单，指示银行付款）2.To write a bill of exchange （汇票）demanding payment from a person or an organization（the drawee）开出汇票（要求受票人付款）8 海洋货物运输保险承保的范围保险人承保的风险： 海上货物运输的保险人（insurer）所承保的风险，分为海上风险和外来风险。1. 海上风险（Perils of the Sea）又称海难，即货物在海上运输中发生的风险，包括自然灾害和意外事故。u 自然灾害（Natural Calamity）： 如恶劣气候（atrocious weather）、 雷电（thunder）、海啸（tsunami）、地震（earthquake）、洪水（flood） 和火山爆发（ volcano eruption ）等原因所引起的人力不可抗拒的灾害。u 意外事故（Fortuitous Accidents）: 指搁浅（stranding）、触礁（collision on the rocks）、沉没（sinking）、互撞（collision）、失踪（disappearance）和爆炸（explosion）等意外原因所造成的事故。2. 外来风险（Extraneous Risks）通常指由于海上风险以外的其他外来原因引起的风险。l 一般外来风险（General Extraneous Risks）： 如偷窃（pilferage）、雨淋（rain damage）、短量 （shortage）、玷污（contamination）、渗漏（leakage）、破碎（breakage）、串味（odour ）、受潮（damage caused by sweating ）、锈损（rusting ）， 钩损（hook damage ）等。l 特殊外来风险（Special Extraneous Risks）：由于国家政策（policy）、法令（decree）、行政措施（administrative measures）、军事（military affairs）等特殊外来原因所造成的风险与损失。如因战争（war）、罢工（strike）等。9适用海运方式的常用贸易术语FOB Free on Board (named port of shipment)FOB means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ships rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss or damage to the goods from that point. However, this term also requires seller to “deliver the goods on board the vessel ”.CFRCost and Freight (named port of destination)成本加运费(指定目的港)CIF means that the seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered on board the vessel, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ships rail in port of shipment.CFR requires the seller to clear the goods for export.This term can only be used for sea and inland waterway transport.CIFCost, Insurance and Freight (named port of destination) 成本加保险费加运费(指定目的的港)CIF means that the seller has the same obligations（义务） as under CFR but with the addition that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyers risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium（保险费）.The buyer should note that under the CIF term the seller is only required to obtain insurance on the minimum （最小的）coverage（承包范围）.CIF can only be used for sea and inland waterway transport.FOB、CFR和CIF术语的异同点:相同点：1)适用的运输方式：三者均适用于海运或内河航运。2)交货地点：在装运港完成交货。3)风险划分：以装运港船舷为界。不同点：1)责任方面：FOB卖方只负责在装运港交货；CFR卖方要办 理货物的出口和货物的运输；CIF卖方要办理出口货物运输和出口货物保险。2)费用方面：FOB卖方不负担出口货物运费和保险费；CFR卖方负责出口货物运费；CIF卖方负担出口货物运费和保险费。3)价格组成：FOB为成本价；CFR为成本加运费；CIF则是成本加运费加保险费。10. 海洋运输（Ocean Transport）的特点 (Advantages and disadvantages Ocean transport has many advantages)The first advantage is the easy passage since about 70% of the earth is covered by water.Second, ocean transport has a large capacity. For example, the deadweight（自重, 重负）（loaded weightfuel plus cargo）of the largest oil tanker can be up to 500,000 tons. Thirdly ,because of such large capacity, the unit distribution cost is reduced.Finally , ocean transport has good adaptability to cargoes of different size, weight, shape, etc.Of course, there are also disadvantages, one of which is the slow passage of ocean transport. In addition, ocean transport is also vulnerable to bad weather and less punctual if compared with road or air transport.11 航空货物运输方式：Advantages and Disadvantages of air transport of AIR TRANSPORT1）AdvantagesHigh speed and quick transitLow risk of damage and pilferageSmaller amount of capital tied up in transit and interest savingsReduced need for extensive warehouse accommodation（预定铺位） and less risk of stockpiling（贮存）2）DisadvantagesLimited capacity, dimension and weight restrictionsVery high operating expenses and high transport cost Vulnerable to disruption when weather is bad Expensive handing cost because of consignments（发货）tend not to be consolidated.Sparsely （稀疏的）located facilities班轮运输（Liner Shipping）1.班轮运输的含义 A liner is a passenger or cargo vessel that operates over a regular route according to an advised time-table.(班轮是根据公布的时间表在固定的航线上运营的载客或载货船只)Functions of the documents A bill of lading is a shipping document that serves as a receipt（货物收据） from the shipping company for shippers goods, a title document（物权凭证） to the goods shipped ,and an evidence of the contract of carriage （运输契约的证明） between the shipping company and shipper（发货人）.12 Types of B/L Shipped/On Board B/L（已装船提单）This B/L is issued only when the cargo has been shipped or loaded on board the carrying vessel. It has the same name of the vessel and the date of shipment.(指承运人将货物装上指定的船只后签发的，并注明在货船名称和装货日期的提单) Received for Shipping B/L（备运提单）When the cargo has been received by the shipping company but not yet loaded on board a vessel, such a B/L is issued. It proves only the receipt but not the loading or shipment of the cargo. It therefore has no date of shipment and generally no name of a vessel.(是承运人受到托运的货物后，在待装船期间签发给托运人的提单，该单据上无装船日期)Clean B/L（清洁提单） This is a B/L which bears no superimposed clauses expressly declaring a defective condition of goods or packaging such as “insufficient packed”, “one case leaking”, etc. It shows that the cargo has been delivered to the carrier in apparent good condition. 指货物在装船时表面状况良好，承运人在签发提单上未加人和货损、包装不良或其他有碍结汇的批注。和载货的具体船名。Dirty/ Foul/ Unclean B/L（不清洁提单） Such a B/L contains a clause of disagreement on the printed statement of B/L such as “in apparent good order and condition”. It shows that the cargo has been delivered to the carrier in dubious（可疑的） condition.如果承运人在签发提单上注明货物或包装有缺陷等批注，即构成不清洁提单。清洁提单和不清洁提单反应了不同的货物状况，为了规避风险，银行和进口商只接受清洁提单。Straight B/L （记名提单） Such a B/L has a designated（指定的） consignee（收货人）, and it is usually not transferable（可转移的） by the shipper（发货人）. This type of B/L is often used for high value shipment（装船） for security or for cargo with a special purpose such as exhibition where a transfer is not needed. 在提单的收货人栏里，写明收货人的具体名称，不能通过背书进行转让。Open/Bearer/Blank B/L （不记名提单） This type of B/L makes the consignee “to bearer” or leave it blank. No endorse