5.6.1 关系代词的作用.doc

5.6.1 关系代词的作用冠词代词有如下这些：Who whom whose that which他们都是用来引导定语从句的。这类代词都气质三重作用，一是代表前面的名词，二是把从句和它所修饰的词连接起来，三是在从句中也担任一个成分，例如：I met someone who said he knew you.(who代表someone,有引导从句修饰它，同时又在从句中担任主语)The noise that he made woke everybody up.(that代表noise，有引导从句修饰它，又在从句中担任made的宾语)I saw something in the paper which might interest you.(which代表something，有引导从句修饰它，又在从句中担任主语)这种代词起着关连作用，把银达偶的从句和所修饰的词连接起来，因此称作关系代词，他们引导的从句称为关系从句（relative clause），也称定语从句（attribute clause）。5.6.2 who，whom和whose的用法1）完后代表人，在从句中作主语：The man who robbed her has been arrested.The girls who spoke is my best friend.2)whom也代表人，但在从句中作宾语或介词宾语：The man whom I saw told me to come back today.The girls whom he employs are always complaining about their pay.The man with whom I was travelling didnt speak English.在口语中常可用完后代替，也可省略：The man (who) I saw told me to wait.The girl(who/whom)I spoke to was a student.但紧跟着介词时只能用whom：The man to whom I spoke was a foreigner.The man from whom I bought it told me to read the instructions.3)whose表示“某人的”，在从句中作定语：A mental patient is one whose mind is diseased.I know a boy whose father is an acrobat.Thats the boy whose mother has just died.The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.有时可指无生命的东西：He saw a house whose windows were all broken.He showed me a machine whose pars are too small to be seen.I saw a film whose name I have forgotten.5.6.3 that和which的用法1）that可以表示人（a），也可以代表东西（b）a. he that would eat the fruit must climb the tree.Can you think of anyone that could look after him?The man that I spoke to told me to wait.b. that is the picture that (which) caused such a sensation.The stairs that lead to the cellar are rather slippery.All the apples that fall are eaten by wild boars.在从句中作宾语时，that常可省略：This is the best hotel (that) I know.Who is the man (that) you were talking to?2)which只能代表东西或动物，它在从句中可充当：a.主语：She was not in the train which arrived just now.The dog which was lost has been found.This is the book which was on the table.b.宾语：The car which(that) I hired broke down.These are the conditions which we have to accept.His mind was full of ideas which he wanted to discuss.c.介词宾语：The day on which I saw him was the greatest of my life.Thats a formality which we have to go through.The ladder which (that)I was standing on began to slip.再作宾语或介词宾语是，which（that）常可省略：Thats the house (which/that) we built.This is the book (which/that) you wanted.There are the difficulties (which/that) we got into.但在紧跟介词时，只能用which，不能用that，而且不能省略：Read the passage to which I referred in my talk.The situation in which he found himself was very difficult.在口语中，介词和他的宾语分开，也可以省略：The situation (that/which)he found himself in was very difficult.5.6.4 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句定语从句有两类，即限制性定语从句（restrictive attributive clause）和非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive attributive clause).1） 限制性定语从句：这种从句限制所修饰的的意义，如果把它拿掉，句子意思即不清楚，甚至失去意义，；例如：Thats the machine he designed.若把he designed去掉，句子意思则不清楚）Madame curie was a woman we admired.（若把we admired去掉，句子就是去意义）前面举的额例子都包含限制性定语从句，在译成汉语是也多译成一个定语，如“我们崇拜的”。“他设计的”。只有在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词才能省略。2） 非限制性定语从句：3） 另一种定语从句和主句（句子的其他部分）关系不太紧密，对所修饰词的意思没有限制作用，把它拿掉对句子基本上没有影响，句子依然完整。他可以说是一个附加上去的成分，通常都用逗号隔开把它和句子的其他部分分开，译成寒玉石可以称并列句。这种从句只能由who(m)（a）,whose（b）和which（c）引导。a. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town.I passed the letter to Helen, who was sitting besides me.Ive invited Mrs. Green, who lives in the next flat.Peter, whom everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent.Mr. Black, for whom I was working, was very generous.David, whom (who) I played tennis with on Sundays, was a colleague of mine.b. Anne, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job.This is harry, whose class youll be taking over.My dog, whose temper is very uncertain, often bits judges at dog shows.c. The 8:30 train, which is usually very punctual, was late today.My new car, which I paid several thousand pounds for, is not running well.They drafted two different constitutions, one of which was never put in force.5.6.5 which的特殊用法1）在非限制性定语从句中，which可以代表主句的一部分，甚至全部，而不仅仅限于一个名词或代词：This I did at nine oclock, after which (=doing it) I sat some time reading the paper.He invited us to dinner, which was very kind of him.We had to sleep in our wet clothes, which was most uncomfortable.He said he had never seen her before, which was not true.2）which有时在从句中作定语：He advised me to hide behind the door, which advice I took at once.He believes in the abolition of capital punishment, which idea I am quite opposed to.She may not be in, in which case you could leave her a note.He studied computer science, which knowledge is very important today.在书面语中，有时把这类从句单列成一句：From which he learned a few lessons which were later of value to him.3)which还可以和不定式一起用：Allow me one minute in which to change my costume.She had a little money in the bank, with which to help her mother.Now he