16.名词性从句.doc

语法专项（十六）名词性从句一名词性从句的概念：指具有名词性质的从句，包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。二名词性从句的引导词：连接词that, if, whether, as if, as though, because连接代词who, whoever, whom, whomever, what, whatever, which, whichever, whose连接副词when, where, why, how, how构成的短语三引导词的作用：连接词只有连接的功能，不在从句中充当句子成分。连接代词和连接副词除了起到连接作用外。还要在从句中担任主语，宾语，表语，定语，或状语等成分。注：名词性从句的语序：陈述语序四名词性从句的用法：（一）主语从句：1主语从句的引导词：that, whether, 连接代词，连接副词。-That he is still alive is a wonder. -When we will hold the meeting is a problem.-Whatever he did was right.2主语从句需注意的问题：有时主语从句放在句首显得很笨重,常用it作形式主语而把主语从句移到句末。常用it作形式主语的句型有：a. It+be+形容词+that/wh-从句（常见形容词有：certain/clear/obvious/important/likely/possible/probable/true/necessary/amazing/surprising）-It is certain that she will do well in the exam.-It is very difficult what you are doing. 注：形容词为important，necessary，essential，significant，strange，natural等词时，从句要虚拟。b. It+be+名词+that/wh-从句（常见名词有：no wonder, no surprise, a pity, a surprise, a question, a shame, an honor, a good thing, a fact ）-Its a pity that we cant go.-It remains a question whether it is true. 注：名词为pity，shame时，强调惊讶的语气用虚拟，不强调就不用。c. It+be+过去分词+that/wh-从句（常见过去分词有：said/believed/reported/suggested/accepted/announced/decided/expected/known/proved）-It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.-It has been suggested that much should be done to prevent the river from being polluted. 注：动词的过去分词是表示“建议，要求，命令”的意思时，从句用虚拟。d. It+不及物动词+that/wh-从句（常见不及物动词有：appear/seem/happen/matter/occur to sb.）-It doesnt matter whether she will come or not.-It happened that I was out that day.如果主句是疑问句，则必须用it作形式主语，主语从句置后：-Is it true that he is the girls father?what引导的主语从句一般不用it作形式主语，直接将主语从句置于句首：-What we need is money.（二）宾语从句：1宾语从句的引导词：that, whether, if, 连接代词，连接副词。-I dont know if you can help me.-Ill tell you why I asked you to come.2宾语从句需注意的问题：介词后接宾语从句：-Success depends on whether we make enough effort.-She laughed at what we said.a. that通常不作介词宾语，但可在介词in, except, besides, but后引导宾语从句：（现多被看做是固定短语：in that:因为； except/besides that:除了； but that:要不是）-He would have helped us but that he was short of money at that time.-I know nothing about him except that he is a graduate of Beijing University.b. whether和if引导宾语从句时一般可以互换，但介词后只能用whether，不用if：-It is a question of whether we should go.形容词后接宾语从句：（某些表示感情色彩的形容词作表语时后面可跟一个意义上相当于宾语的名词从句）（常见形容词有：afraid, aware, certain, sure, glad, pleased, surprised, doubtful, confident等）-Im not sure what I ought to do.-Im surprised that I didnt see all that before.如果宾语从句后跟有补语，必须用it作形式宾语，将从句放到补语之后：-I think it important that young people master two languages.-He has made it clear that he will not give in.宾语从句中that的省略：一般情况下，引导宾语从句的that可省略，但如果有两个that引导宾语从句，第二个that通常不能省略，以免引起歧义：-I know (that) you have studied English, and that you have written an English poem.宾语从句的否定转移：当主句谓语动词为think, believe, suppose, expect, guess等表示“认为，猜想，估计”的意思时，其后的宾语从句如果带否定意义，通常将否定词not前置于主句谓语上：-I dont think you are right.-I dont believe they have finished their work yet.注：如果主语为第一人称，反义疑问句看从句谓语，如果主语为二三人称，反义疑问句看主句谓语：-I dont think you are right, _?-She doesnt think you are right, _?宾语从句的时态变化规律：当主句是一般现在时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。当主句是一般过去时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。（客观真理除外）-She said that she would come.-The teacher told us that the sun rises in the east.动词作“建议，要求，命令”讲时，从句要用虚拟语气，从句中的should可省略。（三）表语从句：1表语从句的引导词：that, whether, as if, as though, because, 连接代词，连接副词。-The question is whether he is honest.-It looked as if it was going to rain.2表语从句需注意的问题：as if, as though引导表语从句时根据实际情况既可用一般语气也可用虚拟语气。-It looks as if we will be late.-The patient looked as if he had been ill for a long time.固定句型：The reason why.is/was that(不能用because)-The reason why he didnt attend the meeting was that he was seriously ill.because可引导表语从句，但与之同义的since, as, for等不能引导表语从句：-It is because I love you too much.主语是“建议，要求，命令”时，从句要用虚拟语气。（四）同位语从句：1同位语从句的引导词：that, whether, 连接代词，连接副词。-We heard the news that our team had won.-I have no idea when he will come back.2同位语从句需注意的问题：同位语从句的先行词词义都比较抽象，往往要求用从句来具体说明这一名词的实际内容或对该名词作进一步解释。（常见名词有：fact, news, idea, thought, question, report, possibility, belief, doubt, evidence, hope等）-The fact that the seawater cannot be used for drinking is known to all.-An idea occurred to him that he might go there by air. 注：先行词是“建议，要求，命令”的词时，从句要用虚拟语气。同位语从句与定语从句的区别：同位语从句：that不充当句子成分；从句与先行词之间是同位关系；从句说明先行词的具体内容；先行词有范围限制 定语从句：that充当句子成分；从句与先行词是修饰与被修饰关系；从句说明先行词的性质特征；先行词无范围限制-The news that he won the first prize is true. （同位语从句）-The news that you told me yesterday is true. （定语从句）五缩合连词：what，whatever，whoever，whomever，whicheverwhat引导名词性从句时可译为“什么”，也可作缩合连词（=先行词+关系词）：-He is no longer what he was. (what表示“的人或样子”)-Our income is now double what it was ten years ago. (what表示“的数目或数量”)-He was born in what is now known as Shanghai. (what表示“的地方”)-Whoever is late will be punished.六：含有感叹句的名词性从句：-You cant imagine what difficulty I had finding this shop.-You never thought what a wonderful time we had at the party.七含有插入语的名词性从句：-Many people thought little of me, but I did what I thought was right.八几组引导词的用法区别：1what与that: what: 在句中可作主语，宾语，表语，意为“什么” that: 仅起连接作用，本身没有实际意义，在从句中不充当任何句子成分（引导宾语从句常可省略）-He doesnt know what she likes.-I believe (that) he will come to see us.2. whether与if: 两者均可引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，常可互换：-He didnt tell me if/whether he would come.a. 引导宾语从句但置于句首或介词后时只能用whether：-Whether he has left, I cant say.-I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.b. 直接与or not连用时只能用whether（若不直接与or not连用，也可用if）-I will write to you whether or not I can come. (让步状语从句)-I dont know whether/if he will win or not. c. 与不定式连用时只能用whether:-Im not sure whether to stay or leave.引导主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句时只能用whether:-Whether he will come is still a question.-The question is whether he will come.-The question whether we need it has not been considered.总结：若whether和if同时出现，意为“是否”时，首选whether。3that与whether(if):that表示肯定，明确的概念，而whether(if) 则表示不肯定，不明确的概念。-I doubt _ he will come.-I dont doubt _ he will succeed.-Do you doubt _ he will win?4who与whoever:who引导名词性从句强调一件事情，而whoever引导名词性从句强调人，相当于“anyone who”-I will give the tickets to _ wants it.-_ spoke at the meeting is unknown. 巩固练习：1. We havent discussed yet _ we are going to place our new furniture. （2010全国卷一）.A. that B. which C. what D. where2. -Have you finished the book？-No. Ive read up to _ the children discover the secret cave. （2010全国卷二） A. which B. what C. that D. where3. I want to be liked and loved for I am inside. （2010北京卷） A. who B. where C. what D. how4. Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was _ it was rather closely modeled on his own life. （2010北京卷） A. what B. that C. why D. whether5. some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others. （2010北京卷）A. Whether B. What C. That D. How6. We should respect food and think about the people who dont have we have here and treat food nicely. （2010福建卷）A. that B. which C. what D. whether7. Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears .No one in the office knew_ she was so angry. (2010湖南卷)A. where B. whether C. that D. why8. -I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays. -Thats_ I dont agree. You should have a more active life. （2010江苏卷）A. where B. how C. when D. what9. Before the sales start, I make a list of _ my kids will need for the coming season. （2010山东卷） A. why B. what C. how D. which10. It never occurred to me _ you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind. （2010陕西卷） A. which B. what C. that D. if11. How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on he goes with，whether his friends or relatives. （2010四川卷） A. what B. who C. how D. why12. As a new graduate, he doesnt know _ it takes to start a business here. （2010天津卷）A. how B. what C. when D. which13. To improve the quality of our products, we asked for suggestions had used the products. （2010重庆卷）A. whoever B. who C. whichever D. which14. It is uncertain _ side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it. （2010浙江卷） A. that B. what C. how D. whether15. One reason for her preference for city life is she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants. （2010上海卷）A. that B. how C. what D. why16. When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know . （2010上海卷） A. he is entering which lane B. which lane he is enteringC. is he entering which lane D. which lane is he entering17. Could I speak to _ is in charge of International Sales please? (2009 全国卷一) A. who B. what C. whoever D. whatever18. At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see _ it got any better. (2009北京) A. when B. how C. why D. if19. It is not immediately clear _ the financial crisis will soon be over. (2009 上海卷) A. since B. what C. when D. whether20. As a new diplomat, he often thinks of _ he can react more appropriately on such occasions. (2009上海卷) A. what B. which C. that D. how21. It is obvious to the students _ they should get well prepared for their future. (2009 天津卷) A. as B. which C. whether D. that22. We should consider the students request _ the school library provide more books on popular science. (2009 重庆卷) A. that B. when C. which D. where23. -Is there any possibility _ you could pick me up at the airport? -No problem. (2009 浙江卷) A. when B. that C. whether D. what24. She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do _ it takes to save her life. (2009湖南卷) A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whoever25. The little girl who got lost decided to remain _ she was and wait for her mother. (2009 山东卷) A. where B. what C. how D. who26. The fact has worried many scientists _ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer. (2009 江西卷) A. what B. which C. that D. though27. A good friend of mine from _ I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing. (2009安徽) A. how B. whom C. when D. which28. News came from the school office _ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University. (2009四川卷) A. which B. what C. that D. where29. The how-to book can be of help to _ wants to do the job. (2009陕西卷) A. who B. whomever C. no matter who D. whoever30. The companies are working together to create _ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. (2008北京卷) A. which B. that C. what D. who31. The last time we had great fun was _ we were visiting the Water Park. (2008天津卷) A. where B. how C. when D. why32. Students are always interested in finding out _ they can go with a new teacher. (2008安徽卷) A. how far B. how soon C. how often D. how long33. When asked _ they needed most, the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved. (2008湖南卷) A. what B. why C. whom D. which34. Tomorrow is Toms birthday. Have you got any idea _ the party is to be held? (2008陕西卷) A. what B. which C. that D. where35. People in Chongqing are proud of _ they have achieved in the past ten years. (2008重庆卷) A. that B. which C. what D. how36. _ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing. (2008 福建卷) A. It B. What C. As D. Which37. _ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. (2008山东卷) A. It B. This C. What D. As38. _ matters most in learning English is enough practice. (2007全国卷二) A. What B. Why C. Where D. Which39. The seaside draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make _ it is. (2007 天津) A. what B. which C. how D. where40. You can only be sure of _ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future. (2007安徽卷) A. that; that B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that41. Having checked t