9.第九章 名词及冠词(41-47).doc

9.第九章 名词及冠词（41-47）一名词按照 数 分类可数名词单数名词名词前加 a / an复数名词名词后加 s / es 不可数名词只有单数形, 且不可加 a /an按照 种类 分类普通名词集合名词（可数名词）抽象名词物质名词;专有名词 (不可数名词)School begins in September. *School 是不可数名词 *go to school, 去上学 go to the school 去到学校*There are three schools in this town. *School 学校这个建筑物 *go to bed,去睡觉， go to the bed 上床去(1). 普通名词book, pencil, sweater等 1. Whales are mammals. 鲸是哺乳类动物 mammal 哺乳类= A whale is a mammal. = The whale is a mammal.2. I met a boy. The boy had a ball in his hands. (2) 群体名词A: 单数，复数皆可Family, audience, class, club, company, crew, crowd, government, public, staff, team1. His family is a big one. His family are all tall.2. Our team has won the championship.The team were all excited.B: 复数形police, cattle, people, poultry.家禽1. The police have caught him. 警察已经抓到他了。2. Many people angry at the case.C: 单数形baggage, clothing, furniture, machinery机器, merchandise商品货物, poetry诗歌, scenery景色重点：特殊的集合名词fruita. 表水果总称用不加冠词单数形fruit.b. 表水果种类一种: a fruit. A kind of fruit, two kinds of fruit 两种以上: fruits.c. 表成果，结果Fruits (抽象)1. Do you eat much fruit?2. The potato is not a fruit but a vegetable.3. His success was the fruits of hard work.2.Fisha.表数量一条鱼: a fish; 两条以上： two fish.b.表种类一种: a fish; 两种以上: fishes, dishc.表鱼肉fishI caught three fish yesterday.There are a lot of fishes living in the sea.3.people表人们People （复数）一个是a person 两个人 two persons.表国民，民族一个 a peope; 两个以上：peoplesThe people were injured in the accident.The Chinese are said to be an industrious people. 中国人是勤奋的民族。 Mary is said to be an industrious person.Industry 的（1）形容词解释成industrial 工业的；（2）industrial 勤奋的4.hair表全部：hair表根根：a hair / hairsShe has thick hair. He pulled out two white hairs.(3) 抽象名词：Kindness, beauty, honestya. 一般情形：不加冠词，单数形。1. I like music. 2. This is important information.b. 表程度可加much, any, some, (a) little等。1. I have little hope of succeeding. 2. I have a lot of homework to do.c: 表限定,加the 1. Necessity is the mother of invention. 2. You should know the difficulty of learning how to drive a car.d: 数抽象名词是用a piece of / an item of 等。1. He gave me a wonderful piece of advice. *two pieces of advice. 2. She sent us an item of news.e. 表示各别行为事件时可加a(an),也可用复数形1. The computer is a marvelous invention.2. I will tell you my views of the matter.f: 介词+抽象名词-of+抽象名词=形容词 With+抽象名词=副词1. He is a man of ability. = He is an able man.He is a man of power. = He is a powerful man.2. The information is of no value to me. = The information is valueless to me. 3. Mary passed the exam with ease. = Mary passed the exam easily.注意：介系词的后面加上一个抽象概念的名词，就会变成形容词或者副词的用法。of importance = important. With care = carefully. On purpose = intentionally. By accident = accidently(4) 物质名词light, water, money 等A. 一般情形不加冠词，单数形1. This statue is made of stone. (stone 物质名词) 小石头叫 pebble. 岩石rock 巨石 boulder注意：The crowd threw stones at the police.B. 限定的量可加some, a lot of, much等。1. I dont need much money to buy that camera. 2. We have little rain here. 这里几乎不下雨。C. 特定的物品可加冠词，代名词或所有格等。1. This beef is from Australian.2. Lets go to the liquor store.D: 将物质名词量化数字+ +物质名词 形状：a piece of chalk一支粉笔, a sheet of paper, 一张纸（有规格的），a piece of paper 一张纸(没有规格)a slice of bread. 一片面包 容器：a bottle of cola, a glass of water, a cup of tea. 单位：a pound of butter, a liter of milk, a spoonful of sugar. *一群鱼类 (只有鱼类才可以用school 这个群体单位) a school of whales. *牛群，羊群，a herd of milk. 一群鸟 a flock of birds (5) 专有名词- Mary, Youth Park, Japan 等。A：一般情形-开头字母大写，不加冠词，没有复数形。1. Dr Jones photographed many wild animals in Africa.2. Henry walked down Bridge Street to save time.B： 加定冠词之专有名词河川，海洋，海峡等 The Amazon, the Pacific Ocean.船，列车 the Titanic, the MRT.公共建筑：the White House, the British Musem.报纸，杂志：the Times, the AsahiC: 加必定冠词或复数形的专有名词1. A Mr. Brown has come to see you. 有一个叫Brown 先生的人来看你了。2. He is the Edison of Taiwan. 他是台湾的爱迪生。（表示他也会发明东西，被称为台湾的爱迪生）3. My wife was a Smith. 我太太是属于Smith家族的一员。4. He has two Picassos. 他又两幅毕卡索的画。二， 名词的复数形(1) 规则变化字尾以,s,x,ch,sh,或子音加o.= buses,boxes, churches,dishes,heroes. Heroine（女英雄）字尾子+y=去y+ies:cities,babies.字尾f,fe=去f,fe+ves:leaves, wives注意：Stomachs, pianos, photos, roofs, safes, beliefs *safe 当形容词安全的，当名词保险箱。Safety.名词安全(2) 不规则变化常用的不规则变化名词Man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse- mice, child- children单数，复数同行: Japanese, Chinese, carp, sheep, deer, species外来语的复数形 datum-data, medium-media, crisis-crises, analysis-analyses文字，数字简称的复形 UFOs/ UFOs; The 80s/ 80s; CDs / CDs复合名词的复数形：Passer-by -passers-by; College student- college student; Woman astronaut-women astronauts重点: 1.单数，复数意思不同时Paper-papers(文件), work-works(工厂) 一间工厂a works许多间工厂many works, part-parts(零件，才能) 有才能的人a man of parts, water-waters(水域，海域) the waters of Adamson 亚马孙河的水. Ash(烟灰)-ashes(骨灰;灰烬); force(力量)-forces(空军军队); the armed forces海陆空三军. Arm(手臂)-arms(武器)Custom(风俗)-customs(关税) The customs海关, manner(方法)-manners(礼仪); table manners餐桌礼仪Letter(信件)-letters(文学); a dear-John letter 一封绝交的分手信Air- airs(装腔作势) Tom like to put on airs. Tom 喜欢装腔作势2.必用复数形-glasses眼镜, contact lenses隐形眼镜, trousers, pants, scissors, shoes, socks, gloves3.学科名称字尾ics: 用单数形。Mathematics, Politics, Physics, Economics.4.表金额，距离，时间：用单数动词。 One hundred dollars is enough to buy that jacket.Twenty miles is a long distance to run.Ten years is called “a decade”.三名词的所有格(1) 单数名词Ns Jims mom, the boys hat.(2) 复数名词Ns a girls high school, April Fools day.(3) 不规则变化的复数名词Ns Childrens toys, Mens toys.(4) 复合名词最后一个字加s: My father-in-laws hobbies, her boy friends birthday(5) 共同所有及个别所有 Jacks and Peters fathers（个别所有）; Jack and Peters room （共同所有）(6) 表时间，距离，重量，金额等的名词Ns 或Ns ten minutes break; Tomorrows weather；Three miles distance, a pounds weight, a dollars worth.(7) 表国名，地名Ns 或Ns the worlds population, Taiwans climate, the Unite States future(8) B of A无生物所有格 教堂的屋顶 the roof of the church 那栋建筑的正面 the front of the building注意：这个问题的答案 the answers to the question 那个比赛的门票 the ticket to that game 非常成功的关键 the key to great success 网友的地点表达e-pal or Key pal 在门口那个男人的忠告 the advice of the man at the gate重点：表场所建筑的名词在所有格后面常被省略。1. My mother went to the bakers (shop).2. Im going to the dentists (office) tomorrow. 四，冠词不定冠词a/an+可数单数名词定冠词 the+单数名词，复数名词，不可数名词(1) a/ an 的区别子音开头的字a a table / a house母音开头的字an an orange / an hour(2) the 的发音子音开头的字the plane母音开头的字the artist(3) 不定冠词的用法a. 表示不特定的单数可数名词 waiter, there is a fly in my soup.b. 话题中第一次提到的单数名词前 I saw a bird, The bird is flying in the sky.c. 表示“个”Rome was not built in a day. Its all Greek to me. 我什么也看不懂。Its a piece of cake. 小菜一碟，形容简单d. 表示“某个”(a certain) He came back on a Christmas. 他在某一年的圣诞节回来了。e. 表示“一些”(some) That painting looks more beautiful from a distance.f. 表示“相同”(one and the same) Birds of a feather flock together. Fine feathers make find birds. 人要衣装，佛要金装g. 表示“每一个”(per) We have six English classes a/per week. 重点：伴随a 的惯用表现A great many, a little, a few a rule 1. As a rule it rains little in Kaohsiung in winter. 在高雄几乎不下雨。2. He was at a loss for words. 他惊慌的说不出话来。3. It is true in a sense. 在某种程度来讲，这件事情是真的。4. I go to the movies once in a while. 我偶尔回去看电影。五，定冠词的用法A. 表示“特定的事物，前”You took a photo of me. Show the photo to me.The wine (which) I drank at the party was very good. B. 从状况可知所指为何之名词前 did you remember to lock the door? C. 表示“唯一之物”的名词前 the sun, the moon, the universe, the north, the bible, the President 总统 D. 用于最高级或only, first, last, same等之前。He is the only person I can trust. E. By+the+单位（以 为单位） In England, they buy butter by the pound. We were hired by the hour. 我们是钟点工。 F: the+形容词指“人”时，採复数形 the rich, the poor, the old, the young, the learned(博学多闻) G: the+形容词表抽象的意义 Everybody loves the true, the good and the beautiful. 每个人都喜欢真善美。 H: 介系词+the+身体的某部位 1. He shook her roughly by the shoulder. 2. He kissed the girl on