刘亚平 专业英语 toward a new public administra.ppt

TowardaNewPublicAdministration GeorgeFrederickson Presenttheauthor sinterpretationasitemergedattheMinnowbrookConferenceonNewPublicAdministration DescribehowthisinterpretationandsynthesisofnewPublicAdministrationrelatestothewiderworldofadministrativethoughtandpractice InterpretwhatnewPublicAdministrationmeansfororganizationtheoryandviceversa Thenewnessisinthewaythefabriciswoven notnecessarilyinthethreadsthatareused andinargumentsastotheproperuseofthefabric Whatarethethreadsofpublicadministration Pursuitofthesebasicvalues representativeness politicallyneutralcompetence andexecutiveleadership Azero sumgamebetweenadministrativeefficiencyandpoliticalresponsiveness Thesegrossgeneralizationsfailtoaccountforthewide oftenrich andsometimessubtlevariationthatrestswithin WhatisNewPublicAdministration Allareemployedbypublicagenciesandeachspecializationorprofessionhasitsownsubstantivesetofobjectivesandthereforeitsrationale Publicadministrationistheefficient economical andcoordinatedmanagementoftheservices Thefocushasbeenontop levelmanagementorthebasicauxiliarystaffservice TherationaleforPublicAdministrationisalwaysbettermanagement NewPublicAdministrationaddssocialequitytotheclassicobjectivesandrationale ConventionalorclassicPublicAdministrationseekstoanswereitherofthesequestions 1 Howcanweoffermoreorbetterserviceswithavailableresources 2 Howcanwemaintainourlevelofserviceswhilespendinglessmoney NewPublicAdministrationaddsthisquestion Doesthisserviceenhancesocialequity SocialEquity Pluralisticgovernmentsystematicallydiscriminatesinfavorofestablishedstablebureaucraciesandtheirspcializedminorityclienteleandagainstthoseminoritieswholackpoliticalandeconomicresources APublicAdministrationwhichfailstoworkforchangeswhichtrytoredressthedeprivationofminoritieswilllikelybeeventuallyusedtorepresstheseminorities Theproceduresofrepresentativedemocracypresentlyoperatesinawaythateitherfailsoronlyverygraduallyattemptstoreversesystematicdiscriminationagainstdisadvantagedminorities Socialequity then includesactivitiesdesignedtoenhancethepoliticalpowerandeconomicwell beingoftheseminorities AfundamentalcommitmenttosocialequitymeansthatnewPublicAdministrationattemptstocometogripswithDwightWaldo scontentionthatthefieldhasneversatisfactorilyaccommodatedthetheoreticalimplicationsofinvolvementin politics andpolicy making NewPublicAdministrationattemptstoansweritinthisway Administratorsarenotneutral Theyshouldbecommittedtobothgoodmanagementandsocialequityasvalues thingstobeachieved orrationales AfundamentalcommitmenttosocialequitymeansthatnewPublicAdministrationisanxiouslyengagedinchange Simplyput newPublicAdministrationseekstochangethosepoliciesandstructuresthatsystematicallyinhabitsocialequity Thisisnotseekingchangeforchange ssake butseekingthechangeswhichwouldenhanceitsobjectives goodmanagement efficiency economy andsocialequity Acommitmenttosocialequityinvolvesattemptstofindorganizationalandpoliticalformswhichexhibitacapacityforcontinuedflexibilityorroutinizedchange NewPublicAdministrationseeksnotonlytocarryoutlegislativemandatesasefficientlyandeconomicallyaspossible buttobothinfluenceandexecutepolicieswhichmoregenerallyimprovethequalityoflifeforall ClassicPublicAdministrationemphasizesdevelopingandstrengtheninginstitutionswhichhavebeendesignedtodealwithsocialproblems ThePublicAdministrationfocus however hastendedtodriftfromtheproblemtotheinstitution NewPublicAdministrationisconcernedlesswithbuildinginstitutionsandmorewithdesigningalternatemeansofsolvingpublicproblems Thesealternativeswillnodoubthavesomerecognizableorganizationalcharacteristicsandtheywillneedtobebuiltandmaintained butwillseektoavoidbecomingentrenched nonresponsiblebureaucraciesthatbecomegreaterpublicproblemsthanthesocialsituationstheywereoriginallydesignedtoimprove NewPublicAdministrationadvocateswhatcouldbebestdescribedas second generationbehavioralism whichemphasizesthepublicpartofPublicAdministration Thesecond generationbehavioralistisless generic andmore public thanhisforebear less descriptive andmore prescriptive less institutionoriented andmore client impactoriented less neutral andmore normative anditishoped nolessscientific OrganizationTheoryandNewPublicAdministration Understandingofanyphenomenonrequriesseparatingthatphenomenonintopartsandexaminingeachpartindetail ThenewPublicAdministrationcallsforadifferentwayofsubdividingthephenomenonsoastobetterunderstandit theintegrativeprocess theboundary exchangeprocess andthesocio emotionalprocess TheDistributiveProcess 1 Externaldistribution Cost utility cost benefitanalysisisthechieftechniqueforattemptingtounderstandtheresultsofthedistributiveprocess Projectthelikelycostsandbenefitsofalternativeprograms Policy outcomesanalysisattemptstodeterminethebasisfactorsthatinfluencesordeterminepolicyvariation Equityinthedistributionofgovernmentserviceswithinajurisdiction TheDistributiveProcess 2 Internal organizationdistribution Thereisaneedtodevelopatheorywhichaccountsforthepresenceofpublicadministratorsconsiderablylesswillingtobargainandmorewillingtotakepoliticalandaministrativerisks Whenpublicadministratorsleavethesafeharborof goodmanagement whatmightoccur Theintegrativeprocess NPAadvocatesmodifiedhierarchicsystemmeanstomodifytraditionalhierarchiesArelativetoleranceforvariationAwillingnesstotradeincreasesininvolvementandcommitmenttotheorganizationforpossibledecreasesinefficiencyandeconomyparticularlyintheshortrunTwoseriousproblemswiththeadvocacybyNPAoflessformalintegrativeprocessesAlackofPAspecialistswhoareessentiallyprogrambuildersInherentconflictbetweenhigherandlower leveladministratorsinlessformalintegrativesystems Theboundaryexchangeprocess GeneralrelationshipbetweenthepubliclyaministeredorganizationanditsreferencegroupsandclientsAndrelationshipbetweenlevelsofgovernmentinafederalsystem AconsiderablyhigherclientinvolvementisnecessaryonthepartoftheseminoritieswhohavenotheretoforebeeninvolvedThedevelopmentofnewmeansbywhichadministratorsrelatetotheirlegislatures Thesocioemotionalprocess Socioemotional trainingtechniqueswillbeutilizedtoaidinthedevelopmentofdecentralizedandpossiblyproject orientedorganizationalmodes WhileNPAiscommittedtowidersocialequity theforegoingshouldmakeitclearthatamorenearlyequitableinternalorganizationisalsoanobjective Conlusions 1 Whatarethelikelyresultsforapracticingpublicadministrationworkingfromsuchanormativebase ClassicPAonthebasisofitsexpressedobjectivescommonmlyhadthesupportofbusinessmenandthearticulateandeducatedupperanduppermiddleclass IfNPAattemptstojustifyorrationalizeitsstanceonthebasisofsocialequity itmighthavetotradesupportfromitstraditionalsourcesforsupportfromthedisadvantagedminorities NPAmightencountersubstantialoppsitionfromelectedofficialsforitsfundamentalinvolv