高一牛津英语知识点总结必学重点s1a-unit 1-more reading.doc

Oxford English (S1A) Unit 1 More Reading: Eye ContactOxford English (S1A) Module 1: The Human Body Unit 1:Body Language More Reading: Eye contact 【Vocabulary】第 39 页 共 39 页01. contact02. article03. throughout04. mankind05. situation06. signal07. friendliness08. hostility09. boredom10. understanding11. confusion12. maintain13. as a matter of fact14. consider15. lack16. frequent17. last18. respect19. authority20. habit21. cause22. concentration23. look down24. subtle25. impolite26. rude【Phrases and Expressions】01. eye contact02. a form of communication03. throughout the history of mankind04. communicate with body language05. in many situations06. the key to communication07. signal friendliness or hostility, interest or boredom, and understanding or confusion08. in western cultures / in many Asian cultures09. maintain eye contact in conversations10. as a matter of fact11. consider a lack of eye contact as a lack of interest / consideras/ (a) lack of12. show respect13. anyone in authority14. cause problems15. for instance16. close his eyes in concentration17. look down18. stare at others19. considered impolite / rude 【Language Points】01. Eye contact is a form of communication which can mean different things in different cultures.02. In many situations, the way you say something is far more important than what you say.03. Eye contact is sometimes the key to communication.04. In Western cultures, maintaining eye contact in conversations is necessary.05. As a matter of fact, a westerner might consider a lack of eye contact as a lack of interest.06. In Spain, Italy and Greece, where people stand close together talking to each other, .07. In many Asian cultures, avoiding eye contact shows respect.08. It is done when talking with anyone in authority or with anyone older.09. For example, an Asian might close his eyes in concentration or look down while listening to a speaker.10. Avoiding eye contact might be considered impolite, but staring at others is also considered rude and should be avoided.【Word Study】01. contact-noun1COMMUNICATIONuncountablecommunication with a person, organization, country etccontact with/betweenThere is very little contact between the two tribes.Few people have daily contact with mentally disabled people.be/get/stay/keep in contact (with sb) We stay in contact by email.Wed like to make contact with other schools in the area.The children lost contact with their families (=they no longer see them because they do not know where to find them).She put me in contact with an expert in the field (=she gave me their name, telephone number etc).face-to-face/social/personal contact (=talking to someone who is with you) There is little personal contact with customers.The town is cut off from contact with the outside world.2TOUCHuncountable when two people or things touch each othercontact with/betweenChildren need physical contact with a caring adult. in contact with sthFor a second, his hand was in contact with mine.When water comes into contact with air, carbon dioxide is released.4PERSONcountable usually plurala person you know who may be able to help or advise youHe has a lot of contacts in the media.a worldwide network of contacts business/personal contacts5contacts plural a situation in which you can communicate easily with a group, country etccontacts with/betweenWe have good contacts with the local community.He goes to great lengths to maintain these contacts. the establishment of diplomatic contacts8EYEScountable informal a contact lenssee also eye contact ateye1 (5)Extra dictionary examples The disease cannot be spread through casual contact. We need better contact between staff and management.contact -verb-transitiveto write to or telephone someoneGive the names of two people who can be contacted in an emergency. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any queries.Extra dictionary examples Elsa contacted several companies to ask if they could offer her part-time work. If the problem continues, try contacting a software expert. School officials immediately contacted the police. Buyers contact the company via phone.02. throughout -preposition, adverb1in every part of a particular area, place etc a large organization with offices throughout the world The disease spread rapidly throughout Europe. 2during all of a particular period, from the beginning to the end We are open every weekend throughout the year. He was involved in politics throughout his life. Extra dictionary examples Stories of love and adventure were popular throughout the Middle Ages.03. mankind-noun-uncountableall humans considered as a groupsynonym humankind, man Since earliest times, mankind has been fascinated by fire. one of the most important events in the history of mankindExtra dictionary examples If the Earths temperature rises, it will be a disaster for all mankind. It is immoral and disturbs the harmony of mankind. The whole progress of mankind ought to have consisted in this: the elimination of unnecessary work.04. situation-noun- countable1a combination of all the things that are happening and all the conditions that exist at a particular time in a particular placeI explained the situation.in a . situation She coped well in a difficult situation . Schoolchildren must be taught to deal with dangerous situations . We were in an impossible situation whatever we did, someone would be upset. a long analysis of the political situation I cannot put up with the current situation one day longer. Some companies are taking measures to improve this situation. This situation has arisen as a result of our serious staffing shortages. 2the type of area where a building is situated - used especially by people who sell or advertise buildingssynonym locationThe house is in a charming situation, on a wooded hillside.Extra dictionary examples Everyone knew how serious the situation was. For most refugees, the situation is pretty hopeless. If you are ever in a situation where someone starts shooting, drop to the ground. In the present situation, I dont think it would be a good idea to try to sell your house. The economic situation in the US is getting better. The news of more stock market losses could make the difficult economic situation worse. Whats the best way to deal with an embarrassing situation at work? With no rain for six months, the situation in the region was becoming desperate. As she well knows, hers is not a situation of personal failure. I feel absolutely content with the situation.05. signal- verb1intransitive and transitive to make a sound or action in order to give information or tell someone to do sthShe signalled, and the waiter brought the bill. The whistle signalled the end of the match.signal atMary signalled wildly at them, but they didnt notice.signal toThe judge signaled to a police officer and the man was led away.signal forHe pushed his plate away and signalled for coffee.signal (to) sb to do sthShe signalled to the children to come inside.signal thatThe bell signaled that school was over.signal (that)The Prime Ministers speech today signals that there will be a shake-up in the cabinet.3transitiveto be a sign that sth is going to happensignal the start/beginning/end of sth the lengthening days that signal the end of winter4intransitive to show the direction you intend to turn in a vehicle, using the lightsAmerican Equivalent: indicate Signal before you pull out.Extra dictionary examples A sailor began signalling with two flags. An official signalled that it was time for the race to begin. Graham finished his drink and signalled to the waiter. Hed been signaling his desire to leave for over a year. Slowly he inched around the corner, signalling for the others to follow. The display will flash L, signaling the user to change the batteries. The driver in front of us was signaling left, but he didnt turn off. The melting of the ice on the lake signals the start of spring.signal -noun-countable1a sound or action that you make in order to give information to someone or tell them to do sthsignal (for sb) to do sthWhen she got up from the table, it was obviously the signal for us to leave. The headmaster gave the signal to begin.see also smoke signal2an event or action that shows what someone feels, what exists, or what is likely to happensignal (that)These results are a signal that the child may need special help.signal ofThe opinion poll is a clear signal of peoples dissatisfaction with the government.A red flag is often used as a danger signal. send/give a signal This will send the wrong signal to potential investors.3a series of light waves, sound waves etc that carry an image, sound, or message, for example in radio or televisionsend (out)/transmit/emit a signal (to sb) This new pay-TV channel sends signals via satellite to cable companies.In the 1970s it was illegal to transmit fax signals via the public telephone system. receive/pick up/detect a signal a small antenna which receives radio signalsThe Coast Guard picked up a distress signal from a freighter 50 miles out at sea.4a piece of equipment with coloured lights, used on a railway to tell train drivers whether they can continue or must stopa stop signal a signal failure (=when these lights do not work)Extra dictionary examples Dont start yet - wait until I give the signal. During mating season, female butterflies respond to subtle signals from the males. The soldiers were waiting for the signal to start firing. The telephone changes sound waves into electrical signals. We just sat there, waiting for the signal to turn green. When I nod my head, thats the signal for you to start playing the music.06. friendlinessfriendly - adjectivecomparative friendlier superlative friendliest1behaving towards someone in a way that shows you like them and are ready to talk to them or help themopposite unfriendlya friendly smileIve found a great pub - good beer and a friendly atmosphere.friendly to/towardsWhy is he suddenly so friendly towards you, Charlotte?2be friendly with sbto be friends with someoneBettys very friendly with the Jacksons.3not at war with your own country, or not opposing youopposite hostilefriendly nations4British English a friendly game is played for pleasure or practice, and not because it is important to wina friendly match against AC Milan5user-friendly/customer-friendly etcnot difficult for particular people to understand or usea user-friendly computer program a customer-friendly shopping mall6environmentally-friendly/ozone-friendly/eco-friendly etcnot harmful to the environment, ozone layer etceco-friendly washing powderExtra dictionary examples Friendly relations between the two countries have continued through this difficult time. A friendly voice answered the phone. Fontaine said that he was leaving the company on very friendly terms. Misha was being very friendly today. One surprise was how friendly everyone was to us on our travels. The restaurant had good food and a friendly atmosphere. Tighter laws are needed to prevent manufacturers from falsely claiming their products are environment friendly.friendliness -noun- uncountable07. hostility-noun1uncountablewhen someone is unfriendly and full of anger towards another personhostility towards/betweenhostility towards foreignershostility towardAmerican English hostility toward Jews2uncountable strong or angry opposition to sthThe reform program was greeted with hostility by conservatives.hostility to/towardsThere is a lot of public hostility to the tax. Pictures of refugees aroused popular hostility (=felt by a lot of people) towards the war.hostility towardAmerican English Republican hostility toward slaveryhostile -adjective1angry and deliberately unfriendly towards someone and ready to argue with them Southampton fans gave their former coach a hostile reception. his hostile attitudehostile to/towardsThe boy feels hostile towards his father.2opposing a plan or idea very stronglyhostile to/towardsSenator Lydon was hostile to our proposals.3belonging to an enemyhostile territory4used to describe conditions that are difficult to live in, or that make it difficult to achieve sthhostile environment/climate/terrain etc a guide to surviving in even the most hostile terrain Sales increased last year despite the hostile economic environment.08. boredom-noun-uncountablethe feeling you have when you are bored, or the quality of being boringa game to relieve the boredom of a long journey boredom with his boredom with life in a small townExtra dictionary examples Boredom is one of the main reasons kids get into trouble. Can you imagine the sheer boredom of doing the same job day in, day out for fifty years? I sit around all day and eat junk food out of boredom. She could no longer stand the boredom of having nothing to do.bore -verb1transitiveto make someone feel bored, especially by talking too much about sth they are not interested inHes the sort of person who bores you at parties.a film that will bore its young audiencebore sb with sthI wont bore you with all the technical details.bore sb to death/tears (=make them very bored)bored - adjectivetired and impatient because you do not think sth is interesting, or because you have nothing to doHe was easily bored.After a while I got bored and left.（be）bored with,（be）tired of, （be）fed up withAre you bored with your present job?boring -adjectivenot interesting in any wayHer husband is about the most boring person Ive ever met.The job was dull and boring. incredibly / terribly etc boring (=very boring)Extra dictionary examples a long boring lecture on economic planning Hes so boring - all he ever talks about is football. I dont want some boring job in an office! Most people who see a baseball game for the first time think its pretty boring. The professor was so boring, hardly anyone came to class. This is such a boring town - theres nothing to do in the evenings.09. understanding-noun1singular, uncountable knowledge about sth, based on learning or experienceunderstanding of How does this add to our understanding of the problem? If you know the neighbourhood, you have an understanding of what the children are like. Linguists currently have little understanding of the exact cause of language change. How can we gain an understanding of other cultures? Over time, you will get a far better understanding of the job. Success depends on a clear understanding of the problem. a basic understanding of AIDS prevention2countable usually singularan unofficial or informal agreementcome to/reach an understanding (=stop arguing and agree) My father was furious at first, but eventually we came to an understanding. We had an understanding that Jean-Claude should never be mentioned.3singular, uncountable the ability to understand peoples behaviour and to forgive them when they do sth wrong The principal listened to the boys story with sympathy and understanding.understanding - adjectivesympathetic and kind about other peoples problemsLuckily, I have a very understanding boss.10. confusion-noun1uncountable and countablewhen you do not understand what is happening or what sth means because it is not clearconfusion about/over/as toThere was some confusion as to whether we had won or lost.create/lead to confusion This complicated situation has led to considerable confusion.2uncountable and countable a situation in which someone wrongly thinks that a person or thing is someone or sth elseTo avoid confusion, the teams wore different colours.confusion betweenThere is a confusion in the public mind between psychology and psychiatry.3uncountable a feeling of not being able to think clearly what you should say or do, especially in an embarrassing situationHis confusion at meeting her there was quite apparent.in confusionMatt stared at her in confusion.4uncountable and countable a very confusing situation, that usually has a lot of noise and action, so that it is difficult for someone to understand it or control ita scene of indescribable confusionconfusion ofThere was a confusion of shouts and orders as the ship prepared to depart.Extra dictionary examples I hope the meeting will clear up peoples confusion. Jakes confusion at meeting Sherri at the party was obvious. The final scene of the play threw much of the audience into confusion. The new rules have caused a lot of confusion. There is still confusion over who is responsible for the accident. To avoid confusion, the teams wore different colors. With all the confusion, nobody noticed the two boys leave.confuse -verb-transitive1to make someone feel that they cannot think clearly or do not understand I understand the text but the diagrams are confusing me.2to think wrongly that a person or thing is someone or sth else People might well confuse the two products.confuse sb/sth with sb/sth I always confuse you with your sister - you look so alike. 3confuse the issue/matter/argument etcto make it even more difficult to think clearly about