《跨文化交际》PPT课件.ppt

1 Cross culturalcommunication 2 Contents Cross culturalcommunication 3 Basicconcepts Whatisculture Whatiscommunication WhatisCross culturalcommunication 4 WhatisCommunication ItcomesfromtheLatinword communicare itmeanstogiveortoexchange Now themostcommonmeaningof communication istogiveorexchangeinformationorideas Communicationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings thebasisofallhumancontact Communicationisadynamic systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols Griffin 2006 54 5 VariousChineseTranslationsofCommunication Communication 6 TypesofCommunication humancommunication 人类交际 animalcommunication 动物交际 human animalcommunication 人类与动物的交际 human machinecommunication 人机交际 machine to machinecommunication 机器交际 7 LinearModelofCommunication Sender Receiver Channel message encoding decoding noise Isthisaneffectivemodelofcommunication ModeofCommunication 8 InteractiveModelofCommunication SenderReceiver SenderReceiver encoding decoding noise Feedbackisessentialtogoodcommunication decoding encoding message channel message channel 9 Elementsofcommunication Context location time light temperature seatingarrangements Participants relationship gender culture Messages meanings symbols encodinganddecoding Channels sound sight smell taste touch Noise externalnoise internalnoise semanticnoise Feedback Griffin 2006 94 10 Characteristicsofcommunication 1 Communicationisdynamic2 Communicationisinteractive3 Communicationisirreversible4 Communicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandsocialcontext Griffin 2006 11 WhatisCross culturalCommunication Cross culturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent Cross culturalcommunicationreferstoanycommunicationbetweentwomembersofanyculturalcommunities SamovarandPorter 2004 47 12 Cross culturalCommunicationVsInterculturalCommunication Cross culturalcommunicationthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinvalueorientations affectivedispositions communicativestylesetc psychologicalprocess Interculturalcommunicationthepenetrationbyamemberofonecultureintoanotherculture practicalsignificance InChinese 跨文化交际学 或 跨文化交流学 13 Historicaldevelopment TheestablishmentoftheForeignServiceInstitute 1940s 50s ThebodyofworkbyanthropologistEdwardT Hall 1950s Thelaunchingofcross culturalorganizations 1970s 80s Theincreaseofcross culturalcourseworkincollegesanduniversities 1970s 80s Thegrowthofabodyofworkincross culturalcommunicationtheoryandresearch 1980s present Dijk 1998 145 14 Interdisciplinaryorientation Thesefieldsinclude anthropologyculturalstudiespsychologycommunication 15 ClassicalWorksintheField In1940 FranzBoas Race LanguageandCulture In1957 firstly Crossculturalstudies byRobertLadoinhisLinguisticAcrossCultures 跨文化语言学 Hediscussedtheculturalcomparisoninthreeaspects form meaninganddistribution 顾嘉祖 4 In1959 theSilentLanguagebyEdwardT Hallinitiatedthecross culturalstudies R Oliver 1962 CultureandcommunicationA G Smith 1966 CultureandcommunicationIn1970s ICA InternationalCommunicationAssociation acceptedCross culturalCommunicationasabranchdiscipline asadiscipline Journals InternationalandInterculturalJournalofInterculturalRelations 16 AMonumentalFigure EdwardTwitchellHall 1914 2009 Americananthropologistandcross culturalresearcher Hallintroducedanumberofnewconcepts includingproxemics polychronicandmonochronictime andhighandlowcontextcultures TheSilentLanguage 1959 TheHiddenDimension 1966 BeyondCulture 1976 17 Proxemics 人际距离学 Itreferstoadescriptionofhowpeoplebehaveandreactindifferenttypesofculturally definedpersonalspace Fourcategoriesofdistanceinclude Friendsandrelatives socialdistance publicdistance 18 Timesystems Hall 1976 MonochronicTime M Time PolychronicTime P Time 美国人类学家霍尔 EdwardHall 在 BeyondCulture 一书中首次区分了两种不同的时间观念 即 单向计时制 monochronictime 和 多向计时制 polychronictime 19 MonochronicTime M Time Itschedulesoneeventatatime Intheseculturestimeisperceivedasalinearstructurejustlikearibbonstretchingfromthepastintothefuture e g American 单向计时制重视日程安排 阶段时间和准时 认为 时间是线性的 可分割的 就象一条道路或带子向前伸展到未来 向后延伸到过去 美国人特别强调把时间分割成不同的时段来安排活动 强调守时 严格按照日程一次做一件事情 doonethingatatime 20 PolychronicTime P Time P timeschedulesseveralactivitiesatthesametime Itismoreflexibleandmorehumanistic PeoplefromP timesystememphasizetheinvolvementofpeoplemorethanschedules Theydonotseeappointmentsasironcladcommitmentsandsometimesbreakthem Hall 1976 73 e g Chinese LatinAmerican ArabandmostAsiancultures 21 AspectsofCross culturalCommunication HighandLowContextCulturesVerbandNonVerbalCommunication 22 HighandLowcontextcultures TheideaofcontextinculturewasanideaputforthbyananthropologistbythenameofEdwardTHall Hallbrokeupcultureintotwomaingroups HighandLowcontextcultures Hereferredtocontextasthestimuli environmentorambiancesurroundingtheenvironment 23 High contextCulture Inhigh contextmessages meaningisnotnecessarilycontainedinwords Informationisprovidedthroughgestures theuseofspace andevensilence Meaningisalsoconveyedthroughstatus age sex education familybackground title andaffiliation Hall 1959 97 High Contextculturesassumetheindividualisknowledgeableaboutthesubjectandhastobegivenverylittlebackgroundinformation High contextculturesincludeChinese Japanese MiddleEasterners etc 24 Low contextCulture Inlow contextmessages themajorityoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode low contextculturesassumethattheindividualsknowverylittleaboutwhattheyarebeingtold andthereforemustbegivenalotofbackgroundinformation Low contextculturesincludeEnglish NorthAmerican German etc 25 verbal non verbal language others bodylanguage others speaking writing sound spokenlanguage writtenlanguage informal formal paralinguistics signlanguage gestures flag codes humancommunication Diagramofhumancommunication 26 VerbalCommunication Paralanguage 伴随语言 referstovoicecharacteristicsandvocalqualities Paralinguisticsisthestudyofsuchaspectsofspeechastone volume pitchandtempo pauseandthelikewhicharetogetherwithverbalinformation Ourvoicemaybeoneofthemostinformativeelementsinbuildingupourimages 27 1 Pitch Pitchdecideshesitationoremphasis Whenoneisexcited his hervoicewouldbehighinpitch quickinrate andtherewillbenopausesbetweensentences Whenoneissadordepressed his hervoicetraitswouldsurelybetheopposite 28 2 VolumeControl TheEnglishalwaysspeakinlowervoicethanChinesewhentheymakespeechoralecture ortalkingwitheachother orphoning ButChineseoftenspeakinloudvoiceintheaforesaidoccasions Americanaremoreskilledinregulatingtheirvoicevolumeanduseverymanydifferentvolumelevelsdependingonthesizeoftheaudienceandthephysicalenvironment 29 3 Silence Silencecanbelongerbetweenfriendsorintimatesthanthestrangerswhohavetoconverse Chinesepaymoreattentiontothefunctionofsilenceinthetalking andthinkthatthepausesandsilencehaverichmeanings Silencemayhavemanypossiblemeanings agreement disagreement thoughtful ignorance consideration inconsideration secrecy coldness submission boredomandsoon 30 NonverbalCommunication Nonverbalcodesrefertocommunicativemessageswhicharenotinwordform Morethan55 messagesarecommunicatednonverbally 31 Definition Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthatisgeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathaspotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver SamovarandPorter 2004 32 Wherearetheyfrom muumuu jeans 33 Kimono Sari Saree 34 GeneralAppearanceandDress Concernwithhowoneappearsisuniversal Wemakeinferences oftenfaulty aboutanother s intelligence gender age approachability financialwell being class tastes values andculturalbackground fromattractiveness dress andpersonalappearance 35 BodyLanguage Bodylanguagereferstoallnonverbalcodeswhichareassociatedwithbodymovements Bodylanguageincludesgestures headmovements facialexpressions eyebehaviors posturesandotherdisplaysthatcanbeusedtocommunicate 36 GesturesGesturesareanimportantcomponentofnon verbalcommunication Itmustbeemphasizedthatgesturesvaryinmeaningfromculturetoculture Non verbalCommunication 37 1 theringgesture InAmerica itmeansOK It sgreat InJapanitmeansmoney InFranceitmeanszeroorworthless InTunisia突尼斯 I llkillyou 38 2 thesinglefingerbeckon InAmericaitsimplymeans comehere InYugoslaviaandMalaysiaitisonlyusedforbeckoninganimals InIndonesiaandAustraliaitisusedforbeckoningprostitutes 39 3 Thethumbs upsign InBritainitmeansOKandisalsousedasasignforhitch hiking InGreeceitisaninsult InChineseitmeansOKorpraising 40 Cross culturalCommunicativeCompetence Integrationofcommunicativecompetenceandculturalcompetence 41 CommunicativeCompetence GrammaticalCompetencemasteringthelinguisticcodeofalanguage sentencelevel DiscourseCompetenceformingameaningfulwholeoutofaseriesofutterances inter sententialrelationships 42 SociolinguisticCompetenceknowledgeofthesocio culturalrules appropriatenessofutterances StrategicCompetenceverbalandnonverbalcommunicationstrategiesthatmaybecalledintoactiontocompensateforbreakdownsincommunicationduetoinsufficientcompetence 43 CulturalCompetence Awarenessofone sownculturalworldview Attitudetowardsculturaldifferences Knowledgeofdifferentculturalpracticesandworldviews cross culturalskills 44 EthnocentrismStereotypingPrejudiceDiscriminationRacismLackofKnowledge Motivation Skill ObstaclestoCross culturalCompetenceWithinPeople 45 Ethnocentrism Itisthetendencytousethecategoriesofone sownculturetoevaluatetheactionsofothers orthebeliefthatone scultureisprimarytoallexplanationsofreality Ifpeoplebelievethattheirculturalistheonlytrueculture theywilldiscriminateagainstpeoplewhomanifestculturalnormsthatfailtocorrespondtotheirvaluesandbehaviors 46 Stereotyping Stereotypesareaformofgeneralizationaboutsomegroupofpeople orameansoforganizingimagesintofixedandsimplecategoriesthatareusedtostandfortheentirecollectionofpeople Itisfoundinnearlyeveryinterculturalsituation Thereasonforthepervasivenatureofstereotypesisthathumanbeingshaveapsychologicalneedtocategorizeandclassify 47 Theyarebarrierstointerculturalcommunication Stereotypesfailtospecifyindividualcharacteristics Theyassumethatallmembersofagrouphaveexactlythesametraits Theyareoversimplified overgeneralized and orexaggerated Theyarebasedonhalf truths distortions andoftenuntruepremises butoftentakenas truth 48 Inthepast AmericanstereotypeonJapanese FujiMountain Sakura GeishaJapanesestereotypeonAmericans chewinggumAtpresent AmericanstereotypeonJapanese Economichole workaholicJapanesestereotypeonAmericans thewhiteforeignersspeakingEnglish 49 Prejudice Itreferstonegativeattitudestowardsotherpeoplethatarebasedonfaultyandinflexiblestereotypes Itisanunfair biased orintolerantattitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople ThoseGermansdiditonce soIcannevertrustanyofthemeveragain Don tpaytheMexicansverymuch Theydon thaveanyeducationandwillworkforalmostnothing 50 Discrimination Itreferstothebehavioralmanifestationsoftheprejudice itcanbethoughtofasprejudice inaction Racism 51 LackofKnowledge Motivation Skill Toovercomeallthepreviousobstacles itrequiresacommitmentbothtolearningaboutotherculturesandtounderstandone sown Awillingnesstoexplorevariousculturalexperienceswithoutprejudgmentisnecessary Anabilitytobehaveappropriatelyandeffectivelywithculturallydifferentotherswithoutinvokingprejudiceandstereotypedassumptions 52 FormofAddressGreetingInitiatingConversationandConversationTopicVisitingParting CulturalshockorAcculturationwheneastmeetswest 53 IndividualisticandCollectivistCulture IndividualisticCulture liberalism individualstendtodefinethemselvesbytheextenttowhichtheyaredifferentfrom ratherthansimilartoother Peopleareencouragedtodisplayself confidenceandassertiveness disclosureofpersonalthoughtsandfeelings Collectivistculture Confucianism placeslittlevalueonindividualidentityandgreatvalueongroupidentity Goingone sownwayisnotvalued uniformityandconformityarestressed 54 AcaseinpointAuthorialidentityinacademicwritingIndividualisticVS CollectivisticVisibleinvisibletheuseofI Weetc 55 56 FormofAddress Surname Title Title Surname Surname Title Title Surname GivenName GivenName GivenName 57 Focus Theuseofperson stitle InChina Surname Title 张局长 李经理 严校长 InAmerica onlyafewoccupationsortitles Doctor ProfessorNurse Judge Mayor Theranksinthearmedforce Captain Usage Singly surname 58 59 60 Focus Family relativesorcloseneighbors InChina 二哥 三姐 四婶 王大伯 InAmerica Givennames Exceptions Parentsgrandparentsolderrelatives 61 Thepropertopicstostartconversations InitiatingConversationandConversationTopic HobbiesAlocalornationaleventHolidaysJobsTheweatherFilms books 62 SometopicsthatChineseshouldbecarefulaboutdiscussing Age Money Health 63 Suchquestionsaboutmoneyshouldbeavoided Howmuchdoyouearn Howmuchisthedress mobilephone Theissuecanonlybeapproachedindirectly XiaoHe That sabeautifulplantstand Wheredidyoubuyit Jennifer AttheplantshoponSimingRoad XiaoHe Oh I dlovetobuyonemyself Wasitveryexpensive Jennifer Notreally Infact Ithoughtitwasquitereasonable Ipaidfiveyuanforit 64 Businessrelated Visiting characteristics