六关系代词.docx

六、关系代词关系代词的作用关系代词有下面这些：Who whom whose that which都是用来引起定语从句。这类代词通常起着纽带的作用。把从句和它所修饰的词连接起来，同时又在从句中担任一个成分：I met someone who said he knew you.(who 引起定语从句，修饰someone, who = someone, 在从句中作主语。)The noise that he made woke everybody up.(that 引起定语从句，修饰 noise, 在从句中 that 作宾语，代表noise。)I saw something in the paper which might interest you.(which 引起定语从句，修饰something，在从句中which作主语，代表something。)把他们称作关系代词是因为他们有关连作用，把引起的从句和所修饰的词联系起来，这种从句可称为关系从句（relative clauses），由于他修饰一个名词或代词，因而也称作定语从句（attributive clauses）。Who, whom 和whose 的用法Who 代表人。在从句中作主语（who是主格）：The man who robbed her has been arrested.This is the man who wanted to see you.Whom 也代表人。在从句中作宾语（whom 是who 的宾格）：The man whom I saw told me to come back today.The students whom we examined last week were excellent.在口语中常可用who 代替，但如果跟介词，则不能用who 代替：Our doctor, who we all like very much, is leaving.在作从句中的宾语且该从句时定语从句，则whom 常会省略：The man (who) I saw told me to wait.The girl (who/whom) I spoke to was a student.但在紧跟介词时只能用whom:This is the man about whom we were speaking.The man to whom I spoke was a foreigner.Whose 表示“（某人）的”（是所有格，必须带名词。其本身有限定词的功能）：I know a boy whose father is an acrobat.There are still many people whose living conditions are miserable.Whose 有时可指动物或无生命的东西：The word, whose meaning escapes me, probably derives from Latin.那个词可能源自拉丁文，其意思我想不起来了。I saw a film whose name I have forgotten.that 和which 的用法that 可代表人（a）, 也可代表东西 （b）:a. He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree.Can you think of anyone that could look after him?b. I reached the gate that opened onto the lake.He expressed the hope that we would keep in touch with his firm.在从句中作宾语时，that 常可省略：This is the best hotel (that) I know.Who is the man (that ) you were talking to？Which 只能代表东西或动物：I want to take away the book which you showed me yesterday.She was not the train which arrived just now.当它在从句中作宾语时常常可以省略：This is the book (which) you want.There are difficulties (which) we got into.Which 还可以在从句中介词的宾语：The situation which he found himself in was difficult.He also had a gun with which to defend himself.Read the passage to which I referred in my talk.在这种从句中，只有which 可以紧跟介词， that 则不可以（在最后两个例句中which都不能换成that）。如果which不紧跟介词，则一般可换为 that，也可以省略：This is the house (which/ that ) I went into.(who, that, which 有相似之处，也有不同之处。一般来说代表人时多用 who(m), 代表东西时用that 时更多一些，有时也可用which， 在紧跟介词时只能用which，不能用that。在从句中作宾语时，这些关系代词常可省略。)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句定语从句有两类：限制性定语从句（restrictive attributive clauses）和非限制性定语从句（non-restrictive attributive clauses）。限制性定语从句：前面所给例句基本上都包含限制性定语从句，它限制所修饰名词或代词的意义，一般说来如把从句去掉句子意思就不清楚，甚至失去意义。例如下面句子，有定语从句时意思很清楚，若把从句去掉，句子或是变得模糊不清，或。是变得没有意思：This is the machine he design.(若把 he design 去掉，意思就不清楚。)Madame Curie was a woman we admired.(若把从句去掉，句子就失去意义)把前面例句都试一遍，你就会发现这些从句很重要，对说明所修饰词的意义不可或缺，是句子的主要组成部分。译成汉语时也多译成一个定语。只有在限制性定语从句中，且在从句中作宾语的俄关系代词才能省略。非限制性定语从句：另外有有一种定语从句，与主句（句子的其他部分不）关系不太紧密，对所修饰名词或代词的意思没有太大影响，把他们拿掉，句子依然很完整，他们可以说是附加上去的东西，而且通常都有逗号把他们和句子的其他部分分开，这种从句称非限制性定语从句。这种从句只能由who(m), whose 和 which 引起：Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town.Anne, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job.The 8:30 train, which is usually punctual, was late today.这种句子译成汉语时常译成两个并列句，这从上面例句的译文中可以看出。在非限制性定语从句中不能使用that 作关系代词。Which的特殊用法：在非限制性定语从句中，which可以代表主句的一部分甚至全部，而不仅限于一个名词或代词，而which引起的从句用作修饰整个句子：This I did at nine oclock, after which (=doing it) I sat some time reading the paper.He invited us to dinner, which was very kind of him.Which 在从句中还可用作定语：He advised me to hide behind the door, which advice I took at once.He studied computer science, which knowledge is very important today.Which 有时代表后面的意思：He hung around for hours and, which was worse, kept me from doing my work.在书面语中，有时还把这类从句写成独立的句子：From it