英美概况第二讲(UK-History).ppt

TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland 英语国家社会与文化入门 AnIntroductiontotheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish SpeakingCountries LanzhouJiaotongUniversityLiuHong Chapter2History TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland 英语国家概况 TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire TransitiontotheModernAge II III CONTENT TheFoundingoftheNation I 1 1RomanBritainandAnglo Saxons 1 1 1PrehistoricPeriod historyundocumented 9 000yearsagopartofE Continentabout3 100BCthenativeNeolithicpeople Stonehenge StonehengeItisthemostfamousprehistoricmonumentinBritainandissituatedonSalisburyPlaininthecountyofWiltshire PeoplebeganbuildingStonehengeabout5 100yearsago draggingeachstoneintoplace StonehengeanditsStatue 1 1RomanBritainandAnglo Saxons ThenameofBritain BritonsTribalsocietyCelticLanguage IrishGaelic ScottishGaelic Welsh 1 1 2CelticBritain 8th 5thCenturyBC Firstinvasion InAugust55BC JuliusCaesarinvadedBritainSecond Caesar ssecondraidin54BCThirdandfinal In43AD EmperorClaudius finalandsuccessfulRomaninvasionofBritainLeft GermanicbarbariansattackedRome forcingallRomantroopstoleaveBritain andthusendingtheRomanoccupationoftheisland 1 1 3RomanBritain 43AD 5thCentury JuliusCaesar GaiusJuliusCaesar 恺撒大帝 100BC 44BC ChangedthecourseofthehistoryoftheGreco Romanworlddecisivelyandirreversibly Launchedaseriesofpoliticalandsocialreforms Assassinatedbyagroupofnobles 1 1 3RomanBritain 43AD 5thCentury JuliusCaesar Capableadministrators goodbuilders townsandcities roads BuildingofLondonRiverThames LondonBridge Buildingofroads 1 1 3RomanBritain 43AD 5thCentury 1 1 4TheAnglo SaxonInvasion 5th 8thCentury Germanicpeople theJutesfromJutland AnglesfromSouthofDenmarkandSaxonsfromGermany English languageoftheAngles dominantlanguageRomanChristianitySt AugustinebringsChristianitytoBritainfromRomeandbecomesArchbishopofCanterbury St Augustine 圣奥古斯丁 604 605 FirstarchbishopofCanterburyandtheapostle 传道者 ofEngland whofoundedtheChristianchurchinsouthernEngland PopeGregorytheGreatchosehimin595toleadamission usuallyknownastheGregorianmission toBritaintoChristianizetheKingdomofKent ConvertedmanyAnglo SaxonstoRomanChristianity 1 1 4TheAnglo SaxonInvasion 5th 8thCentury 1 1 5DanishInvasion 8thCentury 1066 theVikings fromtheScandinaviancountries Norway DenmarkandSweden AlfredtheGreat kingofWessexPeaceTreaty TheeasternhalfoftheislandwastobesubjecttotheDanishlawknownastheDanelaw From1016to1042 undertheruleofDanishkingsIn1042 theEnglishthronewasreturnedtotheAnglo Saxons AlfredtheGreat 阿尔弗雷德大帝 871 899 HepreventedEnglandfromfallingtotheDanesandpromotedlearningandliteracy CompilationoftheAnglo SaxonChroniclebeganduringhisreign c 890 1 1 5DanishInvasion 8thCentury 1066 AlfredtheGreat WestminsterAbbey anarchitecturalmasterpieceofthe13thto16thcenturies 1 1 5DanishInvasion 8thCentury 1066 In1066 EdwardchoseHaroldofWessextobeKinginhisplace DukeWilliam oftenreferredtoasWilliamtheConquer challengedHarold ssuccession wontheBattleofHastings andwascrownedKing 1 1 6TheNormanConquest NormanCavalier WilliamtheConquer NormanConquest 诺曼征服 ThemilitaryconquestofEnglandbyWilliam dukeofNormandy ItisprimarilyeffectedbyhisdecisivevictoryattheBattleofHastings Oct 14 1066 andresultsultimatelyinprofoundpolitical administrative andsocialchangesintheBritishIsles 1 1 6TheNormanConquest ImmediatelyafterChristmas1066 WilliamstartedbuildingtheTowerofLondon thegreatfortresswhichdemonstratedhispoweranddominatedthecityofLondon 1 1 6TheNormanConquest HouseofAnjou 安茹王朝 1154 1485 14kingsAlsoknownastheHouseofPlantagenet 金雀花王朝 transformingEnglandintooneofthemostmaturekingdomsinEuropeMajorEvents theMagnaCarta 大宪章 HundredYears War 1 2 1GreatCharter MagnaCarta 1 2 1GreatCharter MagnaCarta In1154 HenryIIascendedthethrone HenryIIreformedthecourtsandthelaws introducedthejurysystem 陪审团制度 institutionalizedcommonlawJohnascendedthethronein1199 Hedemandedfeudaltaxesandarmyservice HewasforcedtosigntheMagnaCarta 大宪章 TheMagnaCartaAcharteroriginallyissuedinLatinintheyear1215 Thecharterfirstpassedintolawin1225 the1297version withthelongtitle originallyinLatin TheGreatCharteroftheLibertiesofEngland andoftheLibertiesoftheForest stillremainsonthestatutebooksofEnglandandWales Contained63clauses Significancetownspeople freedomoftradeandself governmentmerchantsandcraftsmen forthefirsttimeasanewpoliticalforcepartoftheBritishConstitutiontoday 1 2 1GreatCharter MagnaCarta ProvisionsofOxfordlimitingtheKing spowerbycallingregularmeetingsofa15 memberPrivyCouncil 枢密院 Parler totalkOfficialformationofthetwohousesofparliament HouseofLordsHouseofCommons 1 2 2BirthofParliament aseriesofwarsfoughtbetweenEnglandandFranceovertrade territory securityandthethronepromotedtheconceptofEnglishnationalismpromotedthedevelopmentofthetextileindustryraisedthesocialpositionofthebourgeoisclass 1 2 3HundredYears War 1337 1453 HouseofYork 约克王朝 YoungerbranchoftheHouseofPlantagenet 金雀花王朝 ofEngland reignedoverEnglandfrom1461 1485ThesymboloftheHouseofYorkwasawhiterosebecauseinChristiansymbolism whiteisthesymboloflight typifyinginnocenceandpurity joyandglory HouseofLancaster 兰开斯特王朝 abranchofthehouseofPlantagenet ThebadgeoftheHouseofLancasterwasaredrose ItrepresentstheVirginMary whowasoftencalledtheMysticalRoseofHeaven ItwontheWarsoftheRoses 1 2 3HundredYears War 1337 1453 AwarforthethronebetweentheHouseofYorkandtheHouseofLancaster Itreducedthepowerofnobilityandhelpedtoincreasethepowerofthenewrisingbourgeoisclass TheHouseofLancasterwonandtheirleaderHenryTudorbecameKingHenryVIIandstartedtheruleoftheHouseofTudor 1485 1603 1 2 4TheWaroftheRoses 1455 1485 HouseofTudor 都铎王朝 AnEnglishroyaldynastyofWelshorigin whichruledEnglandfrom1485to1603MarkedbyHenryVIII sbreakwiththepapacy 教皇 inRome 1534 andthebeginningoftheEnglishReformationTheperiodwitnessedthehighpointoftheEnglishRenaissance 1 2 4TheWaroftheRoses 1455 1485 TransitiontotheModernAge 2 3RestorationandtheGloriousRevolution 2 1ReligiousReformation Reasons 2religiouscamps CatholicandProtestantImmediatecause HenryVIII sdivorceActofSupremacyHenryVIII theonlysupremeheadofthechurchofEngland Inessence theReformationwasapoliticalmovementinareligiousguise HenryVIII KingHenryVIII 1491 1547 KingofEngland 1509 1547 whopresidedoverthebeginningsoftheEnglishRenaissanceandtheEnglishReformation HisattempttodivorcehisfirstwifeistheimmediatecauseoftheReformation In1534 hedeclaredhimselftobetheSupremeHeadoftheChurchofEngland 2 1ReligiousReformation HenryVIII QueenElizabethI 1533 1603 HerreignisoftenreferredtoasTheGoldenAgeofEnglishhistory Ingovernment Elizabethwasmoremoderate Inreligionshewasrelativelytolerant ConsolidatedtheChurchofEngland DefendedthefruitoftheReformationinessence Elizabeth 2 1ReligiousReformation GoldenAgeofEnglishHistoryEnglandadvancedinsuchareasasforeigntrade exploration literature andthearts Theageofexploration claimingnewlandsforEnglandandintroducingnewmaterialsandfoodsTheAmericanState Virginia isnamedafterQueenElizabeth 2 1ReligiousReformation parliamentaryclashesovermonopoliesthemonarchyattemptedtocontrolcommercialactivitiesintheinterestsofthecourtKingCharlesIdissolvedParliamentin1629 andruledthecountrywithoutitforelevenyears ThevariousclassesinEnglandsoonsplitupintotwocamps Parliament merchants artisansandapprentices peasantsKing gentry biglandlordsandmonopolists 2 1ReligiousReformation thecivilwar 1642 1651 BetweentheRoyalists theCavalier 保王党人 andParliamentarians Roundheads 圆颅党人 Result themonarchywasabolishedEnglandwasdeclaredacommonwealth i e arepublic 2 2TheCivilWar TheCommonwealth 1649 1660 Cromwell theheadoftheCommonwealthConservativeinsocialreformsandprotectedpropertyownershipIn1660 ParliamenthadCharlesIIaskingofEngland ThisputanendtotheCommonwealth 2 2TheCivilWar Cromwell 2 3RestorationandtheGloriousRevolution Restoration 1661 CharlesII torestoretheoldsocialorder1685 JamesII toreestablishCatholicism GloriousRevolution1688 jointsovereignofWilliamandMary1689 BillofRights limitedthepowerofthemonarchandguaranteedtheauthorityofParliament removedtherulingmonarchandestablishedConstitutionalMonarchy BillofRights 人权法案 FormallyAnActDeclaringtheRightsandLibertiesoftheSubjectandSettlingtheSuccessionoftheCrown 1689 passedbytheParliamentin1689Themainpurpose todeclareillegalvariouspracticesofJamesIISignificance limitingthepowerofthemonarchandguaranteeingtheauthorityofParliament 2 3RestorationandtheGloriousRevolution SevenYears War 1756 1763 consideredasthefirstglobalconflictinhistoryinvolvingmostofthegreatpowersofthetime suchasBritain France Austria Sweden andSpain Causes overlappinginterestsintheircolonialandtradeempiresbetweenBritainandFrance andterritorialconflictsintheHolyRomanEmpire 2 4TheIndustrialRevolution 2 4TheIndustrialRevolution TheIndustrialRevolutiontookplacefirstinBritainforthefollowingreasons hugemarketcoloniesinAmericaandIndia capitalenclosuremovement laborAseriesofimportantinventionsinthetextileindustrymarkedthebeginningofIndustrialRevolution SpinningJennyWaterframeSpinningmulePowerloomSteamengine SpinningJenny Powerloom 2 4TheIndustrialRevolution MeansofTransportationcanalsweredugtoshipgoodsthesteamlocomotivewasinventedin1814thefirstrailwaywascompletedin1825largemerchantfleet SteamEngine MerchantFleet 2 4TheIndustrialRevolution Bythemiddleof19thcentury theIndustrialRevolutionwasaccomplishedinBritain Theinfluence Britainchangedinmanywaysdramaticallyincreasedindustrialproductivity theprocessofurbanizationchangesinthesocialclassstructuretheconflictbetweenthecapitalistsandtheproletarians themostimportantpoliticalissue 2 4TheIndustrialRevolution TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire FirstBritishEmpire 19thCenturyItincludedthecoloniesinCanada Australia NewZealand IndiaandmanysmallstatesintheWestIndies SecondBritishEmpireduringtheVictorianAge Mid andlate 19thCenturyQueenVictoria sforeignpolicy NewImperialismItincludedthecoloniesinAustralia NewZealandandCanada dominionsVictoria EmpressofIndia InAsia occupiedBurmaandsomeothersmallstates OpiumWaragainstChinaInAfrica controlledSuezCanalandconqueredEgyptUnionofSouthAfrica the4thdominion 3 1TheFormationoftheBritishEmpire 3 1TheFormationoftheBritishEmpire QueenVictoria AlexandrinaVictoria 1819 1901 Ruledfrom1837to1901 thelongestreignintheBritainhistory theVictorianAge theVictorianAge featuredbytremendousachievementsinalmosteveryaspectHerforeignpolicy NewImperialism leadstothegreatexpansionoftheBritishEmpire OntheEveofWorldWarI Britainhadthelargestcolonialempiretheworldhadeverseen Itcontrolledaboutaquarteroftheworld slandmass TheBritishboastedthattheyhad anempireonwhichthesunneverset 3 1TheFormationoftheBritishEmpire 3 2BritainintheWorldWars 3 2 1WorldWarI Bythebeginningofthe20thcentury Britain sdominancewaschallengedbyotherEuropeannationsandtheUS TwocampsinEurope CentralPowers Germany Austria Hungary TurkeyAllies GreatBritain France Russia ItalyandUSTheimmediatecause assassinationinSarajevo MostcountriessupporttheAlliesPowersandAlliesPowerswon ThecostofthewarforBritainwasgreat drainedofitsmanpowerlosttheseasupremacyahugenationaldebt 3 2 1WorldWarI Germany launchingaplantoconquerEuropeBritain appeasementdeclaredwaronGermanyonSeptember3 1939alliancewiththeSovietUnionandtheUnitedStatesGermanysurrenderedunconditionallyonMay7 1945greatcost lostitsnavalsupremacyandindebttotheUnitedStates 3 2 2WorldWarII WinstonChurchill SirWinstonLeonardSpencerChurchill 1874 1965 Britishstatesman orator andauthor famousforhisspeeches Thefamousline Ihavenothingtoofferbutblood toil tears andsweat comesfromhisfirstspeechasPrimeMinister AsthePrimeMinister 1940 45 1951 55 heralliedtheBritishpeopleduringWorldWarIIandledBritainfromthebrinkofdefeattovictory 3 2 2WorldWarII WinstonChurchill Independencemovement India Pakistan Burma MalayaandEgyptBritishCommonwealthofNations alooselyorganizedcommunityofformerBritishcolonies 3 3TheFalloftheEmpire BritainsinceWorldWarII OneoftheBigThreeafterWWIIForeignPolicy ThreeMajesticCircleslessinvolvementintheCommonwealthcircleclosecooperationwiththeUnitedStatesanisolationistpolicytowardsEurope由英国前首相温斯顿 丘吉尔提出的英国在第二次世界大战后初期的外交战略 其主旨是企图通过英国在与美国 英联邦和联合起来的欧洲这三个环节中的特殊联系 充当三者的联结点和纽带 以维护英国的传统利益和大国地位 4 1 ThreeMajesticCircles NATO NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization MilitaryallianceestablishedbytheNorthAtlanticTreaty alsocalledtheWashingtonTreaty onApril4 1949DuringtheColdWar NATO sprimarypurposewastounifyandstrengthentheWesternAllies militaryresponsetoapossibleinvasionbytheSovietUnionanditsWarsawPactallies 华约 Inthepost ColdWarera tofosterdialogandcooperationwithformeradversariesintheWarsawPactandto manage conflictsinEuropeBritainjoinedtheNATOin1949 4 1 ThreeMajesticCircles MargaretThatcherReestablished specialrelationship withtheUnitedStatesagainstEuropeanintegration TonyBlairmorepositivetowardsEurope butrefusedtojointheEuro furtherstrengthenedthecloserelationshipwiththeUnitedStates 4 2 SpecialRelationship withtheUS Cartoon TheSpecialRelationshipbetweenBritannia UncleSam MargaretThatcher 玛格丽特 希尔达 撒切尔 1925 2013 Britain sfirstfemaleprimeministerwhoservedthreeconsecutivetermsinoffice 1979 1990 the IronLady anicknamethatbecameassociatedwithheruncompromisingpoliticsandleadershipstyle SheacceleratedtheevolutionoftheBritisheconomyfromstatism 国家主义 toliberalism 4 2 SpecialRelationship withtheUS MargaretThatcher MargaretThatcher 玛格丽特 希尔达 撒切尔 1925 2013 Herpoliticalphilosophyandeconomicpoliciesemphasizedderegulation 放松管制 flexiblelabormarkets theprivatizationofstate ownedcompanies andreducingthepowerandinfluenceoftradeunions DiedofastrokeonApril8 2013 attheageof87 MargaretThatcher 4 2 SpecialRelationship withtheUS TonyBlair AnthonyCharlesLyntonBlair 1953 ServedasthePrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomfrom1997 2007 PursuedamorepositivepolicytowardEuropeyetrefusetoadopttheeuroin1999 StrengthenedthecloserelationshipwiththeUnitedStatesandjoinedtheU S inmanymilitaryactions suchasthe OperationDesertStorm in1991 4 2 SpecialRelationship withtheUS TonyBlair 50ThingsYouNeedtoKnowAboutBritishHistory Indateorder Stonehenge3100BCRomanInvasionandCivilisation43ADStAugustineandChristianity3thKingAlfredtheGreatandtheDoomBook878BattleofHastingsandNormanConquest1066MagnaCartaandtrialbyjury1215DeclarationofArbroath1314CanterburyTales1387 1400Peasants Revolt1381ThelongbowsatAgincourt1415 ReligiousSettlement1559SirFrancisDrakeandthedefeatoftheSpanishAmrada1588Shakespeare1564GunpowderPlot1605PlantationofUlster1611ExecutionofCharlesI1649GloriousRevolutionandBillofRights1688TheBankofEngland1694ActofUnion1707Britain sfirstPrimeMinisterRob