牛津英语初中定语从句.doc

中小学1对1课外辅导专家精锐教育学科教师辅导讲义教学目标：1.掌握定语从句的总类；2.定语从句关系词的选择教学内容Step One: Lead-in Brief review of the last lesson and help solve problems the student had during the last week.Step Two:专项讲解（一） 定语从句相关概念1. 定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有 where, when, why 等。（1）关系代词引导的定语从句1） who 指人，在从句中做主语，不能省略例：(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2）whom 指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略例：(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy (whom )I want to see.注意：关系代词 whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用 who 代替，可省略。例：The man( who/whom) you met just now is my friend.3） which 指物时，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略例：(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 4） that 指人时，相当于 who 或者 whom；指物时，相当于 which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做主语时不能省略，做宾语时可省略例：(1) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.(2) Where is the man (that/whom) I saw this morning? 注: 当关系代词做介词的宾语，而介词又提前时，不能省略，此时不能用 that /who，只能用 whom /which（见后）。 5) whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语，不能省略例：(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose 指人时，常用 “名词 + of whom ”结构来代替, 前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代词或者数词(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(5) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. (6) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.Whose指物时，常用“名词 + of which ”结构代替，前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代词或者数词(1)Hes written a book the name of which/whose name Ive completely forgotten.他写了一本书，书名我全给忘了。(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.6)在非限制性定语从句中，不定代词all,both, each, enough, few, half, little, many, most, meither, none, several some 等常和of whom 或of which连用例：(1)They have four children, all of which are studying music.他们有四个孩子，都学音乐。(2)He gave several reasons, few of them which were valid.他给出几个理由，几乎都站不住脚。这一结构也可与表示数量的的词语如 majority，a number， one third 等及最高级形容词连用例：There were twenty pupils in her class, the youngest of whom was twelve. 她班里有20个学生，年纪最小的12岁。当数字用于这一结构的时候，可以视情况将数字放在of whom 或of which 的前面，也可放在其后面例：(1)Im taking four courses,one of which is accounting.我选四门课，其中一门是会计学。(2)Altoghter 1,200 people were prosecuted, 1,012 of whom were convicted. 共有1，200人受到起诉，其中1，012人被判有罪。7）as在从句中作主语、宾语和表语先行词被such和the same修饰，或句型as many（much）中，从句都用as 引导。Such books as you bought are useful.The school is just the same as it was 10 years age.注意：区别such that 引导的结果状语从句。They are such lovely children that we love them much.（定语从句）The British people are such reserve ones that they dont always touch others when making new acquaintance.(结果状语从句)the same that 引导定语从句。I want to use the same tool that you used just now.（定语从句）（2）无先行词的定语从句用as和which引导。区别：意义上：as 含有“这点正如一样”。位置上：as 从句可置句首，也可在另处。He didnt pass the exam, as we had expected.There is lots of air in loose snow, which can keep the cold out.As is known, the earth is round, not flat.3.关系副词引导的定语从句（1） when 指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语例：(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.（2） where 指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语例：(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born .(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down .（3）why 指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语, 引导词为 reason(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today在reason后有时也可用that从句，或者什么也不用例：The reason that we gave up the plan was the cost would be too high.我们放弃这计划的原因是成本太高。Thats the reason Im checking it now.那就是我要检查它的理由注：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear.From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born. 4.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句A: 限制性定语从句 B：非限制性定语从句 形式上： A: 不用逗号和主句隔开B：用逗号和主句隔开意义上： A: 是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除B：对先行词的补充说明删除后意思仍完整 （译法上： A: 翻译成先行词的定语，“的”B：通常翻译成主句的并列句）关系词的使用上： 限制性定语从句: 非限制性定语从句:(1)关系代词做宾语时可省略 (1)关系代词不可省 (2)可用 that (2)不用 that (3)可用 who 代替 whom (3)不用 who 代替 whom 限制性定语从句举例： The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.China is a country which has a long history.非限制性定语从句举例： His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.要注意区分以下几个句子的不同 His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）注：限制性关系从句一般紧接在先行词后，但有时为了结构上的需要，也可与先行词分离：A lot of men died who might have been saved. 许多本可以救活的士兵死去了。5.非限制性定语从句说明这个主句或主句的一部分（1）非限制性定语从句中，关系代词which不仅可以纸袋它前面的一个名词，还可指代前面的整个主句，这时候它的作用相识一个并列句例：The meeting was put off, which was exactly what he wanted.会议延期了，这正是他求之不得的事。She tore up the photograph, at which he was very angry.她把照片撕了，他对此很生气（2）有时which也可仅指主句中的一部分内容例：He said he was busy, which was untrue.他说他很忙，其实不然。She was very patient toward her children, which her husband seldom was.她对孩子十分耐心，她的丈夫可很少这样。（3）正式文体中，要对所提的事进行补充说明时，可将代表逐句意思的which做为限定词与名词连用，这一形式只用于介词后，which后的名词常为point，time或case 等例：The film started to get very violent, at which point I left.那场电影看着看着就到了极残暴的场面，我立刻就离开了。He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him.他有可能迟到，那样的话我们该等等他。6、在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which（1）先行词被形容词最高级 序数词 数词几种词修饰或被 only、any、few、little、no、all、one of，very等修饰时先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。例：(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.(3) All that can be done has been done.(4) There is little that I can do for you.(5) Hes one of the greatest men that ever lived.（2）先行词中既有人又有物时。例：He was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus.（3）先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。例：The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.（4）当主句中含有疑问词which， who,等疑问代词时。例：Which are the books (that) you bought for me ? Who is the guy that came yesterday?（5）在there+be的句型中，句子的主语是先行词，而且又是物。例：TherearetwonovelsthatIwanttoread.我要读的有两本小说。Thereisnoworkthatcanbedonenow.没有什么工作现在能做的了。 （6）以Hereis(are)开头的句子时。例：Hereisafilmthatwillmoveanyone.这是一部将使任何人受感动的电影。HerearetwobooksthatIwillbuy.这是我要买的两本书。7宜用which而不用that的情况（1）在非限制性定语从句中（2）在关系词前有介词时例：They tried to think of a method by which they could save time and money.他们企图想出一个省钱省时的办法。（3）当先行词本身是that时例：1) The clock is that which tells the time.2) That which is evil is soon learned.( 坏事易学。)3) That which is well done is twice done. （4）当关系词离先行词较远时Could you repair the bicycle of hers for me by 12:00 tomorrow which is expected to be returned to her mother tomorrow afternoon?（5）当关系代词之后有插入语时例：I have received your constructive letter which, as I have told you ,was urgently needed by the press.8介词 + 关系代词引导的定语从句（1）关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词 + 关系代词（只用 whom /which）引导，关系代词作宾语且前无介词时可与that互换例：The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. The school in which he once studied is very famous.Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked. Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注：（1） 一些固定短语不能拆开使用（拆开后会发生歧义），如：look for, look after, take care of，care for, see to，give in， give up，come across，look forward to 等1) This is the watch （which /that）I am looking for. (T)2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)（2） 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用 whom，不可用 who 或者 that；指物时用 which，不能用 that，且不能省；关系代词是所有格时用 whose1) The man with whom you talked is my friend.2) The man (who/that) you talked with is my friend.3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable.一 定语从句练习1. The man _ visited our school yesterday is from London.A. whoB. whichC. whomD. when2. The woman _ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.A. whoseB. whoC. whomD. which3. Because of my poor memory, all _ you told me has been forgotten.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. as4. Do you remember those days _ we spent along the seashore very happily?A. whenB. where C. whichD. who5. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera _ he lost last week.A. whichB. thatC. whomD. as6. Those _ want to go please sign their names here.A. whomB. whichC. whoD. when7. Where is the man _ I met this morning?A. whenB. whereC. whichD. who8. Who is the woman _ is sweeping the floor over there?A. whoB. /C. thatD. when9. The man _ you talked just now is a worker.A. whoB. whomC. to whomD. to who10. The man _ you are going to make friends is my fathers neighbour.A. with whomB. whenC. to whomD. which11. The doctor _ is leaving for Africa next month.A. the nurse is talking to himB. whom the nurse is talkingC. the nurse is talking toD. who the nurse is talking12. The man _ around our school is from America.A. which you showedB. you showed himC. you showedD. where you showed13. He talked about a hero _ no one had ever heard.A. of whomB. from whomC. about thatD. who14. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions _ were asked in French.A. whereB. whoC. in whichD. which15. Have you read the book _ I lent to you?A. thatB. whomC. whenD. whose16. Finally, the thief handed over everything _ he had stolen to the police.A. that B. which C. whateverD. all17. The foreign guests, _ were government officials, were warmly welcomed at the airport.A. most of themB. most of thatC. most of whomD. most of those18. This is the very letter _came last night.A. whoB. whichC. thatD. as19. I know only a little about this matter; you may ask _ knows better than I.A. whoeverB. whomeverC. anyoneD. the one20. This is the school _ we visited three days ago.A. whereB. /C. whenD. what21. This is the factory _ we worked a year ago.A. whereB. thatC. whichD. on which22. Nearby were two canoes _ they had come to the island.A. whichB. in whichC. thatD. /23. Jack is pleased with _ you have given him and all _ you have told him.A. that, whatB. what, thatC. which, whatD. that, which24. Do you work near the building _ colour is yellow?A. thatB. whichC. itsD. whose25. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.A. whomB. whoC. to whomD. form whom26. Is this school _ we visited three years ago?A. the oneB. whichC. thatD. where27. Is this the school _ we visited three years ago?A. the oneB. whereC. in whichD. /28, How many students are there in your class _ homes are in the country?A. whoseB. who C. whomD. which29. Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise.A. itB. whichC. thatD. he 30. The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriage _ already seven other people.A. when there wereB. which there wereC. that there wereD. where there were31. I live in the house _ windows face south. A. whichB. whoseC. whereD. in that32. - What game is popular with them?- The _ most is tennis.A. game they like itB. game they likeC. best game they likeD. best game they like it33. They stayed with me three weeks, _ they drank all the wine I had.A. whichB. which timeC. during which timeD. during which34. The room _ Mr White lives is not very large. A. thatB. whichC. whereD. when35. Dont forget the day _ you were received into the Youth League.A. whenB. thatC. at whichD. where36. Ive finished writing the novel, _ is to be published next month.A. thatB. whatC. whichD. when37. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, _ was unexpected.A. whichB. asC. thatD. it38. _ we is known to all, English is not very difficult to learn.A. WhatB. As C. ThatD. Which39. The old man had three sons, all of _ died during World War .A. whoseB. thatC. whomD. who40. I have bought two pens, _ write well.A. none of whichB. neither of whichC. both of whichD. all of which41. Do you know the reason _ she has changed her mind?A. whyB. whichC. for thatD. of which42. He failed in the exam, _ proves that he wasnt working hard enough.A. whichB. whatC. itD. that43. During the week _ he tried to collect materials for his article.A. followingB. followedC. to followD. that followed44. _ was expected, he succeeded in the exam.A. ItB. WhichC. AsD. That45. He studied hard and later became a well-known writer, _ his father expected.A. that was whatB. what was thatC. and which wasD. which was what46. We should read such books _ will make us better and wiser.A. whenB. asC. whoseD. what47. You must show my wife the same respect _ you show me.A. whenB. asC. whoseD. what48. He is absent _ is often the case.A. whatB. whichC. whoD. as49. It is the first time _ I have come to your city.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. when50. Who _ has the same idea as it will do it in this way.A. whoB. thatC. whomD. which51. I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, _ has a great effect on my life.A. that, whichB. when, whichC. which, thatD. when, who52. This is the only book _ I can find.A. thatB. whichC. itD. with which53. I dont like _ you speak to her.A. the wayB. the way in thatC. the way whichD. the way of which54. That is one of those books that _ worth reading.A. isB. areC. has D. have55. This is the only one of the students whose handwriting _ the best.A. isB. areC. has D. have56. There was _ to prevent the accident.A. something could doB. anything we could doC. nothing we couldnt doD. nothing we could do二1. Some of the roads were flooded, _ made our journey more difficult. A. which B. it C. what D. that 2. Finally they arrived at a place_ sold cigarettes and other small articles.A. where B. which C. in which D. what 3. He was educated at a local grammar school, _ he went on to Cambridge. A. from whichB. after thatC. after whichD. from this 4. Some pre-school children go to a day care center, _they learn simple games and songs. A. then B. there C. while D. where5. It is reported that two schools，_ are being built in my hometown，will open next year. Athey both Bwhich both Cboth of them Dboth of which6A survey was carried out on the death rate of newborn babies in that area, were surprising.Aas results Bwhich results Cthe results of it Dthe results of which7There were two small rooms in the house, _served as kitchen.A. the smaller of whichB. the small of which C. the smaller of them D. the smaller one8. “Id like to give my thanks to those help my son will be able to survive his terrible disease,” said the woman on TV.AwhoBthatCwith whoseDwith their9. On my way home I met a man, _ I think was her brother. A. whom B. that C. who D. /10. _ to take the English Evening Course, please fill in this form. A. Those who want B. Anyone wants C. Those that want D. People want11. I dont like _ you solve such problems. A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which12. The facory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, _ 80% are sold abroad. A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that13. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A. that B. where C. which D. the one14. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. what15. This is the very film _ Ive long wished to see. A. which B. that C. who D. whom二，完型填空 Miss Carter is a beautiful girl. Her father 38 two years ago and her mother made a terrible mistake and 39 . They began to live a hard life. When she 40 middle school, she couldnt go on studying. Her uncle found a 41 for her. Mr. Baker, a rich shopkeeper, hired her. Her work was to clean the rooms and sweep the floors. She tried her 42 and worked hard. Mrs. Baker liked her and paid her 43 than the other servants.It was Sunday,