动词和动词短语.doc

专题五 动词和动词短语一、动词的分类根据意义和句法作用，英语动词可分为四类：1.行为动词（实义动词）及物动词（带宾语）：study, develop;不及物动词（不带宾语）work, swim, go, come状态动词（相对静止）contain, exist, own, prefer, belong动作动词延续性（work, stay）；非延续性（marry, go, come）2.系动词表示人或事物的特征和状态：be, feel, look, seem, taste, appear, sound表示状态的变化：turn, go, become, get, fall, grow表示某种状态的延续或持续：remain, keep, stay3.助动词（与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语）：be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall4.情态动词：can(could),may(might),must,shall(should)二、动词及动词短语（一）、动词词义辨析动词是是各类考试的重点，高考试题中，单项填空、完形填空和改错等三项题型中，动词辨义的比重较大，并逐年增加。动词辨义主要指：1、形状相同的动词之间辨义。如：lie, lay; hanged, hung; rise, raise; sit, seat等。2、意义相近的动词之间辨义。如：borrow, lend; speak, say, talk; hope, wish等。3、动词与其它词形相近、意义相似的词的辨义。如：advise, advice; cost, worth; pass, past等。4、意义不同，但容易混淆的动词的辨义。如：explain, say; discover, invent, uncover; find, find out等。5、某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨义。如：ask, give, call, make, find, get, keep, want, see, hear等。6、某些常用动词短语的辨义。如：give in, give up, turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up等。（二）、易混动词归纳对比1、lay（放）, lie（躺）与lie（说谎）：这三个易混动词构成见下表：中文原形过去式过去分词现在分词说明放laylaidlaidlaying及物动词躺lielaylainlying不及物动词说谎lieliedliedlying不及物动词2、rise和raise：rise是不及物动词，其过去式是rose，过去分词是risen，而raise是及物动词，是规则动词。3、hear与listen to：hear侧重点是听到，听见什么，而listen to是侧重于听的倾向，但hear用于无意中的听见，而listen to却用于集中注意力的听。4、see, watch和look：see用作看电影，剧目；watch则用作看电视比赛，而watch还有在旁观看之意。如：Are you going to play or only watch?；look一般用作不及物动词，只是当盯着某人看时用作及物动词，如：The little boy looked me in the face.（小男孩直盯着我的脸。）5、wind和wound：wind意为蜿蜒而行，其过去式与过去分词都是wound，而动词原形wound意为伤害，其过去式、过去分词都是wounded。6、hang的用法：hang有两个意思：一为悬挂，是不规则动词，过去式、过去分词都是hung；二为绞刑，是规则动词，其过去式、过去分词都是hanged。7、hear的过去分词born与borne：bear作为出生讲有两个过去分词born，borne。只有当be+born短语后没有by介词短语时，才可用born。如:He was born inShanghai.而作它用时要用borne。如：She has borne five children.但如果作忍受讲，则一律用borne。8、sit与seat：seat为及物动词时是作容纳讲，sit只是表示一动作。seat如果表示就座时要用be seated。如：They were seated at their desks.或用seat oneself,比如:I seated myself in the armchair.9、borrow, lend与keep：借入英文中用borrow，借出用lend，但这两个词都是截止性动词或瞬间动词，不能用于长时间的动作，所以我能借多久应用keep。10、win与beat：win作胜、赢讲时其后应接，a game, an argument, a battle, a prize, a contest, a race, abet，但不能接人，如果接人则有另外的含意。如:I have won him.即我已说服他了，我赢得他的好感。而beat是及物动词为击败、胜过讲，直接接人、队。11、steal与rob：steal为偷。rob为抢，其用法不同。steal其后接物+from+某人、某地，而rob其后接人+of+抢的物品。12、fit与suit：fit与suit均可作合适讲，但英文中却用在不同的地方。如fit用于尺寸大小的合适，而suit则多用于颜色式样的合适。13、take, bring与fetch：英文中拿三个词，即拿来，拿去，去取然后回来(即双程)。所以拿来，带来是bring，拿去带走是take，而去取回来是fetch。14、shut与close：shut与close有时是可以互换的，但有些地方则不可这样做。如:在正式场合多用close，而在命令，态度粗暴的场合则用shut。如:Shut your mouth!(闭嘴)；又如:Shut up.在指铁路、公路交通关闭或停止使用的场合，则要用close。15、answer与reply：作为回答讲answer是及物动词，如作不及物动词，则意义不同，如answer for，意为向某人或向某事负责。而reply作回答讲是不及物动词，后跟宾语时，要加上to。16、reach，arrive与get to：reach当到达讲是及物动词，而当延伸和拿得到、拿不到时讲，则是不及物动词。作到达讲时还有get to, arrive(at/in)。17、cost，spend与take：英文中花费有三个词cost, spend, take，但各有不同用法。cost作“花费”讲，主语不能是人，而spend的主语不能是物。如: she spent all his money on stamps.而take作花费讲时，可用人也可用物做主语。更多的用法是用形式主语it，如It takes me three hours to finish this work.18、lost, gone与missing：作补足语时意为丢失、不见了，可以用lost, gone，但要用miss时则不能用missed,而要用missing.19、have on, wear, put on及dress：作穿衣服讲的动词分为状态和动作两种。have on与wear作穿着状态讲;但have on不用进行时态，而wear则常要用进行时态。put on是动作，但dress既可用作状态，又可用作穿衣动作，但用作状态时要用其过去分词作形容词如:He was dressedin a b1ue suit作动作讲时，其后不要接衣物而要接反身代词或表示人、物的名词，如：I dress my children in the morning every day.20、begin与startbegin与Start均可作开始讲，并无多少区别，同样可接不定式或动名词，但在下面的场合多要用Start：1)机器的开动发动；2)旅途的开始。如:we shou1d have to start early because there was a lot traffic in the street。21、allow与permitallow与permit其后直接接动作时要用动名词，如接人后再接动词则要用不定式，所以用在被动语态时一定要用不定式。如：People are not allowed to spit.22、find与foundfind找到的过去式和过去分词都是found，而found是动词“建立”的原形，其过去式和过去分词是founded，founded，如：The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949.23、speak, say, talk与tell英文中讲有4个词，speak, say, talk, tell，但其中speak, talk多用作不及物动词，但speak后加语言名词时则用作及物动词，如：Please speak English。而say与tell是及物动词，其中tell常用作接双宾语，如：Tell me a story。但也有些特定的习惯用法，如：在作讲实话，讲谎言，表示时间常用单宾语而不能换其它词，如：My watch was broken. It couldnt tell time correctly。在书信、便条、海报上写着英文应为It said 。在作辨别不同讲时是tell，如：Can you tell me the difference between the two？而讲别人好坏话时用speak，如：The father always speaks well of his son.。24、excuse me与sorryexcuse me用于来打拢对方前以提醒对方注意的提示语，而sorry则表达因作了某事向对方道歉。25、care for与careto docare for其后要接不定式时则要省去for或换用名词，如：Would you care for a cup of tea？但care for作照顾讲时与look after相同。26、与名词易混的动词有：advise(v.), advice (n.); accept(v.), except(prep.); pass(v.), past(prep.); bathe(v.), bath(n.); breathe(v.), breath(n.); choose(v.), choice(n.); succeed(v.), success(n.);27、意义相近的动词：ring摇铃，打铃，电话铃响，strike专指敲钟，打几点，撞击；suggest提出实验性或推测性的建议，advice表示对经验不足人的一种忠告；look由视觉得出的印象，seem暗示一定根据的判定，appear外表印象而实际或结果并非如此；stay停留，逗留，remaindiscover（发现）找到早已存在但未被人所了解的东西，invent（发明）研制出不存在的东西；remember记忆起以前经历或知道的事，remind提醒某人做某事。28、动词+副词+介词：catch up with, look forward to, come up with, keep up with, go in for, look down on, get on with 29、动词+介词to的词组有：come to, stick to, object to, agree to, turn to, attend to, belong to, devote to, reply to 30、与in相结合的动词有：give in, hand in, bring in, drop in, succeed in, take in, check in, engage in, fill in, trade in （三）动词短语动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。有关动词短语的测试点主要涉及结构上选用恰当的搭配词，不同搭配含意上的辨异及不同短语的辨异。需掌握以下要点：1、根据动词短语的不同特点，掌握其运用规律。(I)动词+副词(不及物)Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left.晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。(2)动词+副词(及物)Please turn every light in the house off.请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。注意：如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开。如：She turned off all the lights which had been left on.她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。如：She gave them away.她送掉了它们。(3)动词+介词(及物)Im looking for my glasses.我在找我的眼镜。注意：当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。动词短语可以放在句子或从句末尾。如：Shes got more work than she can cope with.她的工作多得使她应付不了。(4)动词+副词+介词I look forward to seeing you soon.我盼望不久就见到你。注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after)这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。2、熟悉同一动词和不同介词或副词、不同的动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的差异。(1)同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：hear from收到的来信，hear of听说。look after照料，look at看，look for寻找。(2)同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：ring back回电话, ring off挂断电话, ring up打电话put away放好, put on穿，上演, put up挂起，举起。(3)不同动词和同一介词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：look for寻找, call for去取(某物)，去接(某人), ask for请求, wait for等候, send for派人去叫。(4)不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：break out发生，爆炸, carry out进行，开展, go out熄灭, hand out分发, let out放出, look out当心, sell out卖完, set out出发, take out取出, work out算出。break down出毛病, come down落下来, get down下车, take down取下, write down写下。遗物，某物被取走一部分后剩余部分；（四）、常见高频动词短语总结1. breakbreak away摆脱；逃跑break down（机器）出故障；中断；分解break into闯入；打断；突然中断break off中断；折断；突然停止break out突然发生；爆发break through突破；克服；挣脱而出break up打碎；中断；分解break in破门而入；打断（谈话）；插嘴2. bringbring about引起；造成bring down使倒下；使下降；使受挫折bring forward提出；提前（=put forward）bring into operation实施；使生效bring out显示出来；出版；生产bring up提出；教育；培养；吐出bring back把-送回；使想起；恢复bring in引进；挣得3. callcall for需要；要求；邀请call off取消；停止call on拜访；看望；号召call up打电话；使人想起；召集call at访问call in请来；召集call back回电话；召回4. comecome about发生come across偶遇；碰到；讲清楚come along进展；成功；一道走come into effect生效come off发生；举行；成功come on快点；走吧；有进展come out出来；结果是出版come round/around再现；恢复知觉；改变看法come through经历；获得成功come to苏醒；达到；总数为come up发生；走上前去;(时间)快到come up to达到（高度、程度）；符合come up against碰到（困难）come up with赶上；提出come back回来；反驳come true变为现实5. cutcut across绕劲道穿过；超越；遮住cut back削减；终止；急忙返回cut down削减；减少cut in插嘴；打断；突然出来cut off切断；中断；隔绝cut out删掉；戒掉cut short中断；打断；缩短6. carrycarry on继续；坚持carry out执行；实施carry through帮助度过难关；完成；实现7. diedie away渐弱die down熄灭；平静下来die of因-（病）死亡diefrom因-（外部原因）死亡die out灭绝；绝种be dying to do sth.迫切想做某事8. givegive away赠送；颁发；泄露；告发；失去give out分发；公布；公开；用完（vi）;耗尽（vi）give off发出；放出give up放弃；自首；将-交给某人（to sb.）;对某人不报希望（on sb.）give in屈服；投降；让步；上交；呈交9. gogo along进展；陪同前往go by时间过去；经过；遵守go down下降；下沉；下跌go for去；选择；想要；攻击（用语言）go in for从事；爱好；参加（选拔赛、考试等）go into研究；调查，从事go off离开；爆炸；食品变坏；断电；熄灭；（与副词连用或用于疑问句）进行；发生go on继续进行；发生；上场go out离开；熄灭；过时go over浏览；仔细查看；检查；审查go through通过；经历（苦难）；仔细检查go up上升；增长；涨价10. getget through浏览；翻阅；经历困难（痛苦）；做完某事get in收割；收获；收集；购买；买进；插话get over克服；战胜；熬过；做完；结束；走完get on继续；进行；上车get round传播；散播；说服某人；回避；避开get about四处走动；传开get across传达；使-让人理解get along/on (with)进展；相处get down记下；下来；下车；使-人忧愁get down to(介词)开始认真干get back恢复；回来；收回get out泄露；逃离get tighter聚会；收集11. holdhold back阻碍；阻止；控制；抑制；隐瞒；保留；犹豫不决hold up举起；抬起；拿起；支撑；耽搁；使停顿；拦劫；抢劫；举出，提出hold out维持；坚持；伸出；拿出hold off拖延；延迟12. keepkeep away(from)使远离keep back扣除，保留；隐瞒keep off避开；不接近keep on继续keep out挡在外边；（警示语）请勿靠近keep up保持，不低落；持续，继续keep up with跟上13. looklook after照顾；关心look out看；当心；查阅；观察look back回头看；回顾look down on/upon轻视；看不起look for寻找；寻求；期望look forward to盼望；期待look in顺便看望；顺便拜访look into调查，深入了解look on观看；旁观look over翻阅；浏览look through浏览；详细调查look up查阅；查出14. makemake for向-前进，快速走向make out理解，领悟；辨认出，写出make up组成，占-比例；弥补，补偿；捏造make up for弥补，补偿make up of由-组成；包含有15. pickpick out挑出；分辨出；区别出pick up拿起；捡起；收拾；偶然获得，学会，接收（节目）；（开车）去接；（顺便）捎带16. putput across解释清楚；使人接受put aside放在一边；储存；保留put away放好；收好put down写下；记下；镇压put forward提出；推荐；把-提前put in伸进；提出；提交；申请，请求put in for申请；正式要求put off延期；推迟；关掉；阻止，妨碍put on穿上；戴上；上演；增加（体重）put out熄灭；关灯；生产出，出版put up举起；修建；提供put up with忍受；容忍put through（把电话）接通；做完；向传达，提出（to sb.）；使经受的考验17. sendsend away送走；解雇send for派人去请send out发送；长出；发出（光、信号等）send up上升；发射18. setset about开始做，着手set apart使分离；使显得突出set aside留出；拨出set back推迟，阻碍；使花费set down记下，写下set off动身出发；引起；使爆炸（cause to explode）set out动身出发；引起;表示“着手做”时后跟动词不定式set up建立；创立；引起19. taketake after与-相似take apart拆卸（机器）take away拿走；时离开；消除（病痛等）take down记下来；拆掉take for（错）当作；（误）认为take in吸收；接受；领会；欺骗take off起飞；匆匆离去；脱下take on呈现；采纳；承担，从事take ones time不要着急，慢慢地做take over接收，接管，取代take to喜欢；养成-的习惯take up占据，占（时间、空间）；开始从事20. turnturn down关小，调低，拒绝turn off关上/掉；转向；（使某人感到厌烦）turn out关（灯）；制造；结果是；原来是；培养turn over（使）翻转/身；移交；周转；仔细考虑turn to求助于；（使）转向；（把注意力等）转向；翻书到turn up开大；被发现，被找到；到达；露面专题五 动词和动词短语习题日期：2011-06-18 来源：基础英语 作者：基础英语 阅读：1046次字体：大中小1.-Itsagoodidea.Butwhosgoingto_theplan?-IthinkTomandGregwill.A.setasideB.carryoutC.takeinD.getthrough2.HappilyforJohnsmother,heisworkingharderto_hislosttime.A.makeupforB.keepupwithC.catchupwith D.makeuseof3.Ifyouhad_yourtestpapercarefullybeforehandingitin,youwouldhavemadefewermistakes.A.lookedupB.thoughtabout C.goneoverD.goneround4.Wouldyouslowdownabit,please?Icant_you.A.keepupwithB.putupwithC.makeuptoD.holdonto5.Youdbetter_somemoneyforspecialuse.A.pickupB.giveawayC.putoffD.setaside6.Inorderto_withtheadvancedcountries,wemustkeeplearning.A.getalongB.putupC.catchupD.goon7.Wedidntplanourartexhibitionlikethatbutit_verywell.A.workedoutB.triedoutC.wentonD.carriedon8.Implanningtoholdapartyintheopenair,butIcanmakenoguaranteesbecauseit_theweather.A.linkswithB.dependsonC.connectstoD.decideson9.-Smokingisbadforyourhealth.-Yes,Iknow.ButIsimplycant_.A.giveitupB.giveitinC.giveitoutD.giveitaway10.Ifyou_anyproblemswhenyouarriveattheairport,givemearingA.comeupwithB.setaboutC.runintoD.putaside11.Wethoughtofsellingthisoldfurniture,butwevedecidedto_it.Itmightbevaluable.A.holdontoB.keepupwithC.turntoD.lookafter12.Hismotherhadthoughtitwouldbegoodforhischaracterto_fromhomeandearnsomemoneyonhisown.A.runawayB.takeawayC.keepawayD.getaway13.Canyoumakeasentenceto_themeaningofthephrase?A.showoffB.turnoutC.bringoutD.takein14.Newsreportssaypeacetalksbetweenthetwocountries_withnoagreementreached.A.havebrokendown B.havebrokenoutC.havebrokenin D.havebrokenup15.Dontmentionthatatthebeginningofthestory,oritmay_theshockingending.A.giveawayB.giveoutC.giveupD.giveoff16.TheideapuzzledmesomuchthatIstoppedforafewsecondstotryto_.A.makeitoutB.makeitoffC.makeitupD.makeitover17.He_someFrenchwhilehewasawayonabusinesstripinParis.A.madeoutB.pickedupC.gaveupD.tookin18.Theengineoftheshipwasoutoforderandthebadweather_thehelplessnessofthecrewatsea.A.addedtoB.resultedfromC.turnedoutD.madeup19.Weregoingto_withsomefriendsforapicnic.Wouldyouliketojoinus?A.getinB.getoverC.getalongD.gettogether20.Hewasinhospitalforsixmonths.Hefeltasifhewas_fromtheoutsideworld.A.cutoutB.cutupC.cutoffD.cutthrough21.Itwasfoolishofhimto_hisnotesduringthatimportanttest,andasaresult,hegotpunished.A.stickto B.refertoC.keeptoD.pointto22.Thesportsmeetwillbe_nextweekbecauseofthebadweather.A.putoffB.putawayC.putupD.putdown23.thisbookandtellmewhatyouthinkofit.A.LookthroughB.LookonC.LookintoD.Lookup24.Afterallthestudentshadtakentheirseats,theteacher_theexaminationpaper.A.handedinB.handedonC.handedoutD.handedover25.Ireallydontwanttogototheparty,butIdontseehowIcanit.A.getbackfromB.getoffC.getawayD.getoutof26.Readerscan_quitewellwithoutknowingtheexactmeaningofeachword.A.getoverB.getinC.getalongD.getthrough27.Icanhardlyheartheradio.Wouldyouplease_?A.turnitonB.turnitdownC.turnitupD.turnitoff28.Itiswisetohavesomemoney foroldage.A.putawayB.keptupC.givenawayD.laidup29.Weareallgoingtothegames.Whydontyoucome_?A.upB.acrossC.alongD.to30.She_hisnumberinthephonebooktomakesurethatshehadgotitright.A.lookedupB.lookedforC.pickedoutD.pickedup31.Nobodynoticedthethiefslipintothehousebecausethelightshappenedto_.A.beputupB.giveinC.beturnedon D.goout32.TheInternethasbrought_bigchangesinthewaywework.A.aboutB.outC.backD.up33.Idont_rocknroll.Itsmuchtoonoisyformytaste.A.goafterB.goawaywithC.gointoD.goinfor34.Itwasnotaseriousillness,andshesoon_it.A.gotoverB.gotonwithC.gotroundD.gotoutof35.Theforestguardsoftenfindcampfiresthathavenotbeen_completely.A.turneddownB.putoutC.putawayD.turnedover36.Insomewesterncountries,demandforgraduatesfromMBAcourseshas_.A.turneddownB.turnedoverC.fallendown D.fallenover37.Youcantakeanythingfromtheshelfandread,butplease_thebookswhenyouvefinishedwiththem.A.putonB.putdownC.putbackD.putoff38.Wewantedtogethomebeforedark,butitdidntquite_asplannedA.makeoutB.turnoutC.goonD.comeup39.Itiscertainthathewill_hisbusinesstohissonwhenhegetsold.A.takeoverB.thinkoverC.handoverD.goover40.Heaccidentally_hehadquarreledwithhiswifeandthathehadntbeenhomeforacoupleofweek.A.letoutB.tookcar