四级考试语法部分总结.doc

四级考试语法部分总结大纲对语法内容的要求： 名词：可数及不可数名词；抽象、专有、物质名词的数；s属格的各种意义;某些以-s结尾的名词的数;集体名词的数. 限定词: 限定词与三类名词的搭配关系;限定词与限定词的搭配关系;冠词的类指特指和独指;冠词的习惯用法;some,any和no的用法. 代词:不定代词one, some, anyone等的用法;物主代词,非人称代词的用法;反身代词及其他动词宾语的用法. 动词的时和体:一般现在时,现在将来时,现在完成时,一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去完成进行时,将来时,过去将来时等的各种表达法和用法;情态助动词的各种用法;虚拟式,被动态的用法;不定式和不定式分句,-ing分词和分句,-ed分词和分句的用法. 定语从句,名词性从句(包括宾语、主语、表语、同位语从句等)；状语从句（包括时间、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步等状语从句）。 直接引语，间接引语，并列结构，从属结构（包括独立结构，无动词分句，非限定分句和限定分句的转换）；形容词和副词的比较级、最高级；介词与介词词组；附加疑问句；主谓一致；后置、前置与倒装；省略。近年来专四语法试题的考点基本有： 从属分句 非限定动词 虚拟语气 情态动词 限定词 句子成分 倒装 动词时态 附加成分 强调句型1 虚拟语气 一般情况下, 在描述与过去事实相反的非真实条件句中,条件从句的谓语动词通常用had+过去分词, 主句的谓语动词用should/would+have+过去分词. 在叙述与将来事实相反的情况时, 条件状语从句谓语动词一般结构为:一般过去式, were/was+不定式,或should+动词原形.主句的谓语动词一般用would/should+动词原形.（1）wish型虚拟语气 过去式（be用were）与现在事实相反 would/could/might/should+动词原形或者were+动词-ing与将来事实相反 had+过去分词或could+have+过去分词与过去事实相反（2）省略型 省略if后，从句的助动词提前（were, should，had）, 主句谓语形态与一般情况下的虚拟主句一致. if only型，省略主句, 从句谓语形态与普通型虚拟语气相同.（3）坚决要（should）+ be型 动词有：ask, advise, arrange, beg, command, consent, deserve, expect, urge, vote, decide, demand, desire, determine, insist, intend, maintain, move, propose, object, order, prefer, require, request, resolve, recommend, suggest 形容词或分词有：better, keen, adamant, necessary, natural, strange, advisable, decided, crucial, appropriate, determined, commanded, arranged, incredible, essential, imperative, important, desirable, insistent, desired, asked, recommended, insisted, necessary, obligatory, suggested, urgent, ordered, vital, possible, proposed, requested, required, preferable, probable, 名词有：advice, decision, demand, desire, insistence, motion, necessity, order, preference, plan, idea, proposal, pray, recommendation, request, requirement, resolution, suggestion(4) as if（though）和lest, in case, for fear that型 as if（though）主句现在时，从句过去时主句过去时，从句过去完成时 lest，in case, for fear that虚拟语气的谓语动词形式为may/might/can/could/should+动词原形，不能选would+动词原形（5）特殊型 It is time型从句谓语用过去时，be为单数时多用was. Would（had） rather，would（just）as soon, would sooner从句用过去时 without，but for, were it not for从句和普通型相同 表示假设情况的让步状语从句中的倒装省略结构Be it good or badBe he rich or poor2. 不定式 had better, had best, would rather, would just as soon, can not but, can not help but, do nothing but, let alone后面动词不定式不带to. see, feel, smell, hear, watch后面不带to except, but, save之后, 如果前面有do 的形式, 不定式不带to, 反之要带to. rather than, sooner than置于句首时, 后面的不定式不带to.3动名词 跟动名词的动词有：admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, permit, risk, suggest, postpone, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, endure etc. 跟动名词的短语有：be objected to, be used to, be accustomed to, look forward to, contribute to, in addition to, devote to, be opposed to, attach importance to, set ones mind to, admit to, consent to, similar to, close to, with a view to, put off, be busy, cant help, cant bear (stand), feel like, have difficulty/trouble(in), spend(in), etc. 跟动名词的句式有：Its no (little) good, Its no (little) use, Its useless, There is no point (sense, use), Whats the point (use), Its worth, Theres no telling (denying, mistaking) 动名词复合结构： 逻辑主语是表示有生命的名词，用所有格（加s） 逻辑主语是代词时，可以用物主代词或代词宾格。4既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词, 但意义有所不同的动词 regret, forget, remember stop, quit try want, need, hear, deserve （动名词主动形式表被动） require （只有动名词主动形式表被动）worth同样，haveto blame用不定式的主动形式表被动 like, hate, love, prefer begin, start, cease，continue （有意识地开始或停止做某事多用动名词，否则多用不定式） 最后两组词用在should, would之后，后面只能跟不定式。 不定式和动名词做主语的区别为不定式一般表示一次性、具体性和目的性，而动名词表示习惯性、一般性和过去性。5分词现在分词有主动和被动，有一般时和完成时，而过去分词本身便含有被动和完成之意，所以没有形式上的变化。6独立主格结构 分词逻辑主语+分词 There/Such + being + 主语 With/without + 分词逻辑主语 + 分词7形容词和分词1. He is as good a swimmer as any of us.2. “Can he buy the car?”“He is as poor as can be.3. Americans eat twice as much protein as they actually need every day.4. She is all the happier for her beauty.5. Even with make-up, she looks none the better.注：all/so much/none等副词+the+比较级，表示“因而更加”之意时，后面不再跟than。6In the course of a day students do far more than just attend classes.7. I like watching TV more than going to the cinema.8. She prefer to die rather than admit she is wrong.9. I think Ann is more shy than unfriendly.注：superior, inferior, junior, senior, prior等词表示比较时，直接加to，不使用morethan结构。8形容词和副词(1) This is too good a chance to be lost.(2) The boy wore a suit much too large for him.(3) I am afraid the garden Tom bought may be far too expensive. 形容词按以下顺序排列：限定词（冠词、代词、数词）+描绘性形容词+表示年龄、大小、尺寸等的形容词+表示颜色的形容词+国别+表示性质的形容词（名词、动名词）+被修饰的名词the two attractive large square green Spanish wood boxes 副词的排列顺序为：程度副词+频度副词+地点副词+时间副词9倒装(1) There stands a stone bridge across the river. There+stand/lie/exist/remain/appear/seem/come(2) Away went his hat.(3) From the valley came a terrible sound.(4) So much does he worry about her that he cant sleep at night.(5) Come what may, well finish the work.(6) Much as he likes her, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.(7) Object though you may, they will go on as usual.(8) Many a time have we tried the test.(9) In no way can she give in.总之，倒装有There be型，句首状语型，重复型（so, nor, neither, no more），so/so much表强调型，句首否定型，not until型，only+when型，no soonerthan型，hardly/scarcelywhen型，not only型，neithernor型，方式和频度型，让步型。10情态动词的推测与虚拟现在时肯定：must be现在时否定：cant be过去时肯定：must have + 完成体过去时否定：can/could not have + 完成体过去时可能性推测：may/might + 完成体11动词时态和被动语态 特别注意完成时态和完成进行时态，尤其注意有by引起的时间状语。 Ask, become，begin，come, die，join等词不能跟表示一段时间的词连用。 This is + 最高级/序数词/the only + 名词 + that结构中用现在完成时，如果is为was, 则用过去完成时。 Expect, hope, intend, mean，want，suppose等词常用过去完成时表示“本来” Make sure/see to it that后面的宾语从句用一般现在时表示将来。12附加疑问句（1） 当陈述部分的主语是everybody，everyone，somebody，someone，nobody，no one时，附加疑问句的主语应该用they。（2） 在“Im”结构中，附加疑问句用“arent I”（3） 当one做主语时，用one或you。（4） 如果主句谓语是suppose，believe, think时，附加疑问句与that从句中的谓语保持对应关系，但要注意否定的转移。如：I dont think she cares, does she?（5） 陈述部分的谓语由情态动词ought to构成时，用ought/should或其否定形式反问。（6） 陈述部分的谓语动词由used to构成时，用used/did或其否定形式反问。同样的还有dare和need。（7） 当must表示推测时，一般根据must后面的成分来构成反问。如：He must be very tired, isnt he? He must have been very tired, hasnt he?（8） 对陈述部分是肯定句的祈使句，反问用will you，wont you，would you。陈述部分为否定句的祈使句，反问只用will you。对lets构成的祈使句，反问用shall we，而对let us或let me构成的祈使句，反问用will you。（9） 陈述句中的谓语动词为wish时，反问用may的肯定式。如：I wish to go to school now, may I?13主谓一致（1） 单数谓语类 表示时间、重量、长度、价值、数目等的复数概念做主语时，谓语动词用单数。 以“-s”结尾的一些名词如news，means，physics等做主语时，谓语动词用单数。但是： Your politics are not so good. 即如果有物主代词修饰，谓语用复数形式。 集合名词做主语时，如果当作一个整体，用单数形式；如果看成每个成员加在一起，用复数。 some，any，no, every构成的复合代词做主语时，用单数形式。 neither of +名词/代词，either of+名词/代词结构做主语时，用单数。 many a+名词，more than one+名词作主语，用单数。 由and连接的两个或以上的单数名词做主语时，如果指同一概念，后一名词前不加冠词，用单数。 被each，every，no，many a修饰的两个主语有and连接时，仍用单数。（2） 复数谓语类 people，police，cattle，public，majority，dozen等词或有两部分组成的物体名称如spectacles，trousers，shoes等词做主语时，用复数形式。（3） 特殊类 there +be 句型中根据be 后的第一个主语的单复数确定谓语的单复数。如：There is a chair and four desks in the room. 但是如果主语是几个并列的单数名词时，谓语用复数。如：There are a book, a pen and a ruler on the desk. 如果主语是a series of， a kind of+复数名词时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。 在“分数/百分数/half或part of+名词”结构中，动词形式取决与of词组中名词或代词的单复数形式。如：Eighty percent of the road is paved. Two-thirds of people are against the plan. The+形容词（分词）表示一类人做主语时，用复数。 Not onlybut also，eitheror，neithernor或or连接的并列主语，通常按就近原则处理，即谓语与离它最近的一个主语一致。 当两个主语用as well as，no less than，rather than连接或主语后跟介词with，together with，along with，besides，except，including等时，谓语根据主语的形式而定。如：No one except you knows the news. 在one of+复数名词+关系分句中，谓语一般应该与先行词即复数名词保持一致，用复数。但当one之前有the only时，关系分句中的谓语要用单数。 主语为what引导的主语从句的句子，主句谓语动词用单数。但如果从句子中能看出指代为复数，则谓语动词用复数，如：What we need are coal and steel. 当all指物时，用单数；指人时用复数。 None做主语时，谓语常用复数。但把其看为单数时，也可用单数。 The number of+名词后面用单数，a number of+名词后面用复数。 在a+名词+and a half或one and a half+复数名词做主语时，谓语动词用单数。14名词和代词以及一致性 注意不可数的名词以及抽象名词，如：advice, information, equipment, bread, luggage, work, cloth, paper, ink, chalk, money, furniture, music, homework, progress, machinery, meat, damage, evidence etc. 既可以看作整体又可以表示各个成员的名词有family, orchestra, club, class, group, committee, team, crew, staff, jury, government, public等。 集合名词有cattle, poultry, police, people, militia, mankind, vermin等，谓语用复数。 Sheep, deer, buffalo, fish, shark, aircraft, Chinese, Japanese, youth等为单数复数同型的名词。 有特殊复数形式的名词：analysis-analyses, appendix- appendices,axis-axes, basis-bases, crisis-crises, datum-data, phenomenon-phenomena, formula-formulae, nucleus-nuclei,bacterium-bacteria, synthesis-syntheses thesis-theses 常用做复数形式，动词也要用复数搭配的名词有wages, savings, belongings, clothes, contents, headquarters, findings, surroundings, scissors, scales, gloves, slippers, trousers, spectacles etc. 名词与代词的指代一致性 当指代有or或nor连接的两个名词或代词时，代词要与or或nor后的名词或代词在性和数上保持一致。如：Neither the boy nor his sister got what she wanted. Anyone, everyone, anybody, everybody如果能够判断出是单数，用his。判断不出多用their。 当指代由every或each修饰并由and连接的两个单数名词时，用单数代词。如果两个名词一个阴性，一个阳性，用阳性单数代词指代。如：Every man and every woman has his own tasks. 集合名词做整体看时用its指代，做个体看时用their指代。15注意利用各种平行结构四级考试词汇部分形式与答题技巧1考察固定搭配，根据固定搭配选择My passport _ last month, so I will have to get a new one. aa. expiredb. endedc. finishedd. terminatedJohnnys parents always let him have his own _. ba. willb. wayc. wishd. demandThe purpose of the survey was to _ the school inspectors with local school conditions. ba. informb. acquaintc. instructd. notify2. 考察动词和介副词的搭配She did her best to stay awake, but the performance was so boring that she just _ to sleep. ca. dropped inb. dropped outc. dropped offd. dropped downThe young man has _ some brilliant scheme to double his income. da. come outb. come toc. come aboutd. come up withShe joined the drama society but didnt seem to _, so she left. ca. fit outb. fit upc. fit ind. fit in withWhen the working committee _ to details, the proposed plan seemed unworkable. aa. got downb. set aboutc. went offd. came upAs weve run out of beef, well have to _ with pork for dinner. aa. make dob. do it upc. make upd. compensate forThe possibility that the explosion was caused by sabotage cannot be _. ba. broken outb. ruled outc. cancelled outd. wiped out3. 考察介词和介词词组The scientists became very excited as they felt they were _ of a discovery. da. on the crestb. on the surfacec. on the borderlined. on the brinkThe older New England villages have changed relatively little _ a gas station or two in recent decades. aa. except forb. in addition to c. exceptd. besidesWe take our skin for granted until it is burned _ repair. aa. beyondb. forc. withoutd. underThe wealth of a country should be measured _ the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce. ca. in line withb. in regard withc. in terms ofd. by means of4. 考察同义词和近义词辨析The service operates 36 libraries throughout the country, while six _ libraries specially serve the countryside. aa. mobileb. shiftingc. driftingd. rotatingThe political future of the president is now hanging by a _. da. ropeb. stringc. cordd. threadMost nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a _. da. scarcityb. minimumc. shortaged. minorityThe police has decided to hold a full _ to find out the cause of the big fire. ba. examinationb. investigationc. interrogationd. inquisitionWhy does a vegetarian restaurant make its dishes resemble meat in every way except _? aa. ingredientsb. elementsc. componentsd. compoundsAs an excellent shooter, Peter practiced aiming at both _ targets and moving targets. aa. stationaryb. stablec. standingd. stillThe financial problem of this company is further _ by the rise in interest rates. da. increasedb. strengthenedc. reinforcedd. aggravatedWith all its advantages, the computer is by no means without its _. da. boundariesb. confinementsc. restraintsd. limitations5. 词性选择题型An _ degree was conferred on the distinguished economist. ca. honorb. honoredc. honoraryd. honorableThe old gentleman was a very _ looking person, with grey hair and gold spectacles. aa. respectfulb. respectivec. respectedd. respectableMany difficulties have _ as a result of the change over to a new type of fuel. ba. risen b. arisenc. raisedd. aroused6. 词形部分接近型或近似易混型The boy has _ for maths. aa. aptitudeb. attitudec. latituded. multitudeSometimes they _ their students poor comprehension to a lack of intelligence. ca. distributeb. contributec. attributed. tributeHe _ his head, wondering how to solve th