常用单词区别1.doc

常用单词区别积集（1）1.劝告 advise caution warn admonish counseladvise: 普通用词，vet/vi,泛指劝告，不涉及对方是否听从劝告。用法：及物动词advise+ thatWe advised her that she (should) wait. 我们劝她等。Advise sb against doing sth/ sth 劝某人不做某事We advised him against acting in haste. 我们劝他不要匆忙行事。不及物动词 advise againstI advised against their doing it. 我劝他们不要做这件事。名词：（不可数）advice 劝告, 忠告, 意见；消息, 报道; (商业)通知Give advice 提供建议，劝告take advice 接受建议，劝告caution : 主要指针对有潜在危险而提出的警告，含小心从事的意味。及物动词&不及物动词 警告,告诫,使小心(+about/against/for)caution oneself against error 谨防有误The policeman cautioned me for parking here. 警察警告我不可在此停车。名词：（不可数）小心, 谨慎, 慎重, 警告Caution is the parent of safety. 小心驶得万年船。warn: 含义 caution 同，但语气较重，尤指重后果。及物动词 /不及物动词1.警告;告诫;提醒(+of/against/about) He warned me against going outside alone at night. 他提醒我晚上不要单独出去。 The police warned us not to go out at night. 警察告诫我们夜间不要出门。 They warned him of/about the danger. 他们警告他有危险。 2.预先通知(+of) The weather station warned that a hurricane was coming. 气象台预报飓风即将来临。 admonish: 一般指年长者或领导对已犯错误的或有过失的人提出的忠告或警告以避免类似错误。及物动词 劝告, 训诫；(温和地)责备，轻责Admonish your friends in private, praise them in public. 明赞朋，暗谏友。Mr. Green admonished me for drinking too much. 格林先生警告我喝酒太多了。counsel: 正式用词，语气比advise强一些，侧重指对重要问题提出的劝告、建议或咨询。及物动词劝告,忠告;提议(+on)O2His job is to counsel students on how to choose a career. 他的工作是辅导学生就业。名词忠告, 劝告；辩护律师, 法律顾问；商议,审议Give counsel 提供咨询 take counsel with sb 征求某人意见2.保护 defend protect safeguard guard shield shelter harbordefend: 普通用词，指用武力或其它措施使人或物不受损害，消除危险。用作比喻时，指坚持某种行动、决定或意见。及物动词&不及物动词防御;保卫;保护We shall defend our city, whatever the cost may be. 不管代价如何,我们要捍卫我们的城市。 compel sb. to defend himself 迫使进行自卫defend the honor of ones country 维护国家的声誉Defend with 采取手段保卫【律】为.辩护;作.的辩护律师She defended herself successfully in court. 她在法庭上成功地为自己作了辩护。protect: 普通用词，指用某种手段作为防御工具以防危险或伤害。及物动词 保护,防护(+against/from)May God protect you from harm. 愿上帝保佑你免受伤害。 Wearing dark glasses can protect your eyes from the sun. 戴墨镜可以保护眼睛不受阳光刺激。 protect intellectual property保护知识产权safeguard: 语气强，指采取积极措施预防可能发生的一切攻击或危。及物动词 保护;防卫(+from)This agreement will safeguard the newspapers from government interference. 这一协议将保护报纸不受政府干涉。 为.提供防护措施Insurance will safeguard your property. 保险会使你的财产得到保障。 safeguard lawful rights and interests 维护合法权益名词 可数名词保护;防卫;预防措施;保证条款(+against)The new law constitutes a safeguard against the abuse of government power. 新法律可以防止滥用政府权力。 guard: 普通用词，指保持警惕以防可能的攻击或伤害。及物动词&不及物动词(+against/from)guard against external aggression 防御外来侵略A helmet guards your head against/from injuries. 头盔可以保护你的头部免受伤害。名词（可数）警戒, 警惕, 守卫；卫兵；防护装置shield: 语气比protect强，但侧重防止迫在眉睫的攻击或伤害。及物动词 保护;保卫(+from)Her hat shielded her eyes from the sun. 她的帽子遮住太阳光保护她的眼睛。 庇护;包庇;掩盖He lied to the court to shield his friend. 他对法庭说谎以包庇自己的朋友。 挡开,避开(+off)These trees will shield off arid winds 名词（可数）盾, 盾牌；护罩; 防护物Dark glasses are an effective shield against the glare.墨镜能有效地遮挡强光。shelter : 通常指寻找安全地方躲避风雨或使人免遭危害。及物动词 (使)掩蔽,遮蔽;庇护;保护(+from)The wall sheltered us from the wind. 墙壁遮挡着,使我们免遭风吹。 She was accused of sheltering a murderer. 她被指控隐匿凶手。 不及物动词 躲避;避难Q(+from)They sheltered from the sun under a tree.名词 遮盖物;躲避处;避难所可数(+from)The umbrella is a poor shelter from heavy rain. 雨伞不太遮挡得住大雨。 掩蔽,遮蔽;庇护,保护;避难不可数(+from)Their immediate need is for food, clothing and shelter. 他们所急需的是吃的,穿的和住的。 harbor: 贬义词，指隐匿或非法保护、窝藏。及物动词 庇护;藏匿;收养(动物等)He is accused of harboring an escaped convict. 他被指控窝藏逃犯。 心怀,怀有He still harbors a grudge against me. 他对我仍怀有怨恨。 不及物动词 (船)入港停泊；躲入安全地;躲藏;居住;生存Crabs harbor in holes. 蟹躲藏在洞里。 名词（可数&不可数）3. “结束，完成”complete finish end close conclude terminate accomplishcomplete: 侧重指完成预定的任务或使某事完善，补足缺少的部分等。及物动词 使齐全;使完整Complete the sentences in the exercise by filling in the blanks. 在空白处填充使练习中各句成为完整句。 完成;结束By the end of August we had completed the work. 我们到八月底就完成了这项工作。形容词完整的;全部的；完全的,彻底的finish: 与complete基本同义，着重圆满地结束或完成已着手的事。及物动词&不及物动词结束，完成；用完;吃完Well never finish if we go on at this rate.以这样的速度, 我们永远也完不成。Finish off your food. 吃干净吧。名词 结束, 完成, 最后阶段end: 最普通用词，着重事情的完成。也指某种活动因达到目的而自然结束或由于某种原因而突然中止。及物动词&不及物动词终止，结束The strike was ended.罢工已经结束。名词最后部分，结尾，死去close: 普通用词，着重行为的终止或结束，不强调其目的。及物动词&不及物动词关闭，终止；结束;结清(帐目);商定(交易)The company has decided to close down its three branches in Europe. 该公司已决定关闭它在欧洲的三个分公司。I have closed my account at that bank. 我已结清了我在该银行的帐户。形容词亲近的，关系密切的；势均力敌的；接近的Close relationship 密切的关系Close to danger濒临险境名词 终点，结束conclude : 正式用词，多指以某事或活动达到预期目的而告终。及物动词 结束(+by/with)We concluded our meeting at 9 oclock. 我们九点钟结束了会议。 推断出,断定WY+thatFrom his appearance we may safely conclude that he is a chain smoker. 从他的外表，我们可以有把握地断定他烟抽得很凶。缔结(条约)(+with)；(最后)决定(为)+to-v+thatHe concluded that he would wait a little longer. 他决定再等一会儿。 He concluded to quit on pay day. 他决定在发薪水这天辞职。 不及物动词 结束,终了(+with)；断定；达成协议；作出(最后)决定The concert concluded with the National Anthem. 音乐会最后以演奏国歌结束。terminate: 强调有一个空间和时间的限度，届时必须终止。书面语用词。及物动词&不及物动词使终止，结束They have terminated the contract. 他们已中止了合同。 During the economic recession the factory terminated a large number of workers. 经济衰退时期这家工厂解雇了许多工人。 terminate an association or a relationship with. 断绝关系结束与的联系或关系An offer terminates on the death of the offer. 当发价人死亡，发价即被终止。accomplish: 正式用词，强调一个过程的完成；也可指依靠努力达到一定目的，或取得一定的结果。及物动词 完成,实现,达到They didnt accomplish the purpose desired. 他们没有达到预期的目的。 They have accomplished their mission successfully. 他们成功地完成了任务。 走完,度过My grandmother has accomplished the age of 97 years of her life.我祖母已达97岁高龄。 The journey was accomplished in five weeks. 花了五个礼拜走完全部旅程。 4. 推断infer deduce conclude gather judgeinfer: 指从已提供的论据或从已接受的前提出发而推断出的结论。及物动词推断,推论;猜想(+from)+(that)I infer that my proposal has been accepted. 我推测我的建议已被接受。 From his remarks, I inferred that he hadnt enjoyed his holiday.从他的话中我推断他的假期过得不愉快。 infer a conclusion from the facts 根据事实推断出结论 意味着;暗示;表明Ragged clothing infers poverty. 衣衫褴褛意味着贫困。 不及物动词做出推论infer from incomplete evidence. 从不完全的证据中推断。deduce: 指有充分根据的推论，也指逻辑学上的演绎。及物动词演绎,推论(+from)+thatOn the basis of the evidence we deduced that he was guilty. 根据这些证据,我们推论他是有罪的。 deduce a conclusion from these facts 从这些事实推出结论 conclude : 指得出符合逻辑的结论。及物动词&不及物动词推断出,断定WY+thatFrom his appearance we may safely conclude that he is a chain smoker. 从他的外表，我们可以有把握地断定他烟抽得很凶。gather: 指从听到的情况推测、判定。及物动词 收集;召集;使聚集(+together)He is gathering materials for a new book. 他正在收集资料准备写一本新书。 积聚;积蓄This cloth gathers dust. 这种布容易积灰尘。 收拾;摘;采集;收割(+in/up)She gathered her books and went to school. 她收拾好书本去上学。 渐增The sled gathered speed as it moved down the hill. 雪橇向山下滑动时速度变得越来越快。 猜想,推测+(that)I gather that he is the one in charge. 我猜想他是负责的人。 使皱起She gathered her brows into a frown. 她皱起了眉。 不及物动词 积聚;集合A crowd gathered at the scene of the judge: 多指经过仔细鉴定或评价之后作出决断。及物动词&不及物动词审判，判决；判断I cant judge whether he was right or wrong.我不能断定他是对还是错Dont Judge from appearance. 人不可貌相.The court was unable to judge the case before all evidence was put before it.在全部证据被提出来之前, 法庭不能审判这个案子。5.保证 ensure insure assure guarantee pledge promiseensure : 侧重使人相信某个行为或力量产生的结果。及物动词 保证;担保 +that+v-ingWe ensured it to be pure.我们担保它是纯的。I cant ensure that he will be there on time. 我不能担保他会及时到那儿。 This medicine will ensure you a good nights sleep. 这药将保证你一晚睡眠良好。 使安全,保护Q(+from/against)These are safety devices to ensure workers against accidents. 这些安全设施是为了保护工人不出事故。 insure: 常 ensure 用，但前者多指经济方面的保证、保险。及物动词 为.投保;接受保险H(+against)Insure your baggage before you leave home. 离家前先给行李保险。 【美】保证,确保+(that)/againstMore care would insure you against making so many mistakes. 多加注意就能保证你不犯这么多的错误了。I insure that you will succeed. 我保证你会成功assure: 侧重指消除某人思想上的怀疑或担心，从而有达到目的的保证感，但不 ensure 通。及物动词 向.保证,担保(+of)O5I can assure you of the reliability of the information. 我向你保证这消息可靠。 The captain of the ship assured the passengers that there was no danger. 船长向乘客保证没有危险。 使确信,使放心(+of)/thatWe assured our clients of an enjoyable holiday. 我们使游客确信准能过一个愉快的假期。 (后接oneself)使弄清楚,使确定They assured themselves that the bridge was safe before crossing it. 他们直到弄清楚那座桥确实安全后才通过。 确保,保障Her future was assured. 她的未来是有保障guarantee: 指对事物的品质或人的行为及履行义务、义务等承担责任的保证。及物动词 保证;担保+to-v+(that) Perfect satisfaction is guaranteed to our customers. 保证我们的顾客完全满意。 I guarantee youll enjoy yourself. 我保证你会过得很快活。保障,保证.免受损失(或伤害等)(+against/from)The policy guarantees us against all loss. 这种保险契约保障我们免受任何损失。 名词保证;商品保证;保证书；担保品,抵押品The TV set has a years guarantee. 这架电视机有一年的保修期。I can offer my land as a guarantee. 我可拿出我的地产作抵押品。pledge: 正式用词，指通过郑重许诺、协议或立誓等保证承担某一义务或遵守某一原则。及物动词 保证给予;许诺;发誓O1+to-v+thatHe pledged never to come back until he had found her. 他发誓不找到她决不回来。 使保证;使发誓(+to)O2I pledged myself to fulfill the promise I had made. 我保证实践自己的诺言。 用.抵押,以.典押(+for)The property was pledged as security for loans. 这地产被当作贷款的抵押。 为.祝愿;向.祝酒 Everyone at the table stood up and pledged the success of the new company. 桌上每个人都起立为新公司的成功祝酒。 Pledge the health success of sb. 为某人的健康成功而干杯名词（可数）保证; 誓言；信物；抵押品promise: 侧重表自己的主观意向，设法用语言使人感到稳当可靠。及物动词&不及物动词允诺; 答应I promised that I would write regularly.我答应要经常写信。She promised me to try her best to help him.她向我保证要尽力帮助他。有希望; 预示He promises highly.他的前途远大。A timely snow promises a good harvest.瑞雪兆丰年。She promised to be a brilliant musician.有迹象表明她会成为有才华的音乐家。6.试图，努力，力图 attempt try endeavor striveattempt: 较正式用词，侧重已经开始，且希望完成，但常隐含着不一定有预期的结果。及物动词 试图;企图;试图做+to-v+v-ingHe attempted to get in touch with them but without success.他试图和他们联系, 但未成功。He attempted the exam but failed.他试图通过考试, 但失败了。Better Attempt than Never 尝试总比不试好名词 n. C企图,尝试(+at/on)+to-vHe made an attempt on the world record. 他试图打破世界纪录。 After repeated attempts they finally succeeded.经过反复尝试, 他们终于成功了。try: 普通用词，可与attempt换用，但强调努力或尝试，后跟不定式表示努力或争取；后跟动名词表示尝试。及物动词 试图;努力+to-vWell try to improve our teaching methods. 我们要设法改进教学方法。 尝试,试行+v-ingLets try knocking at the back door. 咱们敲后边的门试试。 试验,试用(+out)+v-ingThe method seems good but it needs to be tried out. 这个方法似乎不错,但需要试验一下。 审理,审判(+for)Their case will be tried next month. 他们的案子将在下个月开审。 考验,磨练;折磨,使苦恼Asthma tries him a great deal. 哮喘折磨得他够受。 不及物动词 试图;努力;试验;尝试Try and eat a little. 试着吃一点吧! 名词 n. 可数尝试;努力Whod like to have a try at it? 谁想试试? endeavor: 正式用词，指尽最大努力、认真地克服困难去做某事不及物动词 努力,力图+to-vHe endeavored to streamline the plant organization. 他努力使工厂组织简化而更有效地运作。endeavor to excel his predecessor 力图超过他的前任名词努力,尽力CU+to-vShop assistants should do their best endeavors to give the customers satisfaction.店员应该尽力使顾客满意。He is earnest in his endeavors.他热心努力。strive : 和endeavor一样，表示付出巨大努力， strive 重劳累与紧张，而不强调努力的结果。不及物动词努力,苦干,奋斗(+for/after)+to-vstrive for improvement力求改进Today women are striving to occupy positions previously closed to them. 现今妇女正在努力争取以往不对她们开放的职位。 反抗,斗争(+against/with)The swimmer strove against the tide. 游泳者与潮水搏斗。 7.预言，预示，预告 forecast foretell predict foreseeforecast: 指对未来事件的预报、推测或设想，侧重最终可能出现的结果。及物动词 预测,预报+(that)+wh-The teacher forecast that twenty of his pupils would pass the examination. 老师预测他有二十名学生能通过考试。Who can forecast what a baby will do next?谁能预测出婴儿要做什么?预示;预言Such events may forecast war. 这类事件可能是战争的预兆。 Who can forecast the future? 谁能预言将来? 名词 可数名词预报,预测,预料 +(that)I listened to the weather forecast. 我听了天气预报。 foretell: 一般的通俗用语，往往指根据客观因素做出的预告，强调预先要发生的事。及物动词 预言,预示+(that)+wh-We cant foretell how the world will end. 我们不能预言世界将如何终结。 Who could ever foretell that Paul would turn traitor? 谁能料到保罗会变成叛徒? She could foretell what the outcome would be. 她能预言结果将如何。predict : 较正常的正式用词，通常用于人。指根据事实或自然规律进行推断后作出预告，隐含有科学的准确性。及物动词&不及物动词+that+wh-I predicted their getting into trouble.我料到他们会倒霉。I cannot predict when to meet her again.我无法预测什么时候会再见到她。He predicted that an earthquake was imminent. 他预言即将发生地震。foresee: 指提前、预先料到将要发生的事或指对未发生的事情形成一种概念或判断。及物动词 +ving+(that)+wh-预见;预知No one can foresee what will happen in the future.谁也无法预见到将来会发生什么事。He foresaw that prices would drop. 他预见到物价会下跌。 Nobody could foresee his running away. 没人预见到他的逃跑。 We should have foreseen the trouble months ago. 我们几个月前就该预见到这一困难。 8.支持，支援，拥护 back uphold support sustain advocateback: 通常指对论点、行动、事业等的强有力支持。及物动词 使倒退;使后退She backed her car out of the garage. 她从车库倒车出来。 支持;援助;赞助A lot of my friends backed my plan. 许多朋友支持我的计划。 名词 背脊,背部可数名词;后部the S(+of)；后面,背面the S(+of)； (书报等的)末尾the S(+of)副词 在原处;回原处；向后;后退地；以前;追溯；回复;还;往回形容词 后面的,后部的；拖欠的,到期未付的；过去的;过期的uphold: 既可指积极努力对陷入困境者的支持，也可指给某人在行动、道义或信仰上的支持。及物动词 支持, 维护Its up to the government to uphold the rights of individual citizens.政府有责任维护各个公民的权利。 We uphold the principle of racial equality. 我们坚持种族平等的原则。 维持, 保持The Supreme Court is expected to uphold the death sentence.预计最高法院将维持死刑的原判。uphold solidarity among the nationalities 坚持民族团结support: 含义广泛，多指在道义上或物质上支持某人，也可指对某项事业的支持。及物动词 支撑,支托,扶持The old man entered the room supported by his grandson. 老人由孙子扶着进了房间。 支持,拥护,赞成;资助They supported the Democratic Party. 他们支持民主党。 (常与can, cannot连用)忍受,忍耐I cant support this heat.我忍受不了这样的热度抚养,赡养He has a large family to support. 他要抚养一大家人。 为.提供证据,证实Can you give some examples to support your argument? 你能举几个例子来证实你的论点吗? 保持;维持,使进行下去The desert climate supports little plant life. 沙漠里的气候使绝大多数植物无法存活。名词 支撑, 承受, 支持, 赞助；支撑物, 支柱, 支座, 支架；支持者, 拥护者sustain: 侧重指连续不断的支持。及物动词承受, 支撑These four posts sustain the entire building.这四根柱子支撑着整座建筑物。An unshakable belief sustained me.一种不可动摇的信念支持着我。维持During the war we had just enough food to sustain us.战争期间, 我们的食物仅够维持生活。长期保持; 使继续We do not have enough money to sustain our campaign for long.我们没有足够的财力使宣传活动长期保持下去。经受, 遭受He sustained a foot injury.他足部受了伤advocate : 多指通过写文章或发表演说等来支持或拥护，往往暗示提倡某事或为某事辩护。及物动词提倡, 主张+v-ing；拥护I dont advocate doing such things.我不主张干这样的事情。名词 （可数）提倡者, 拥护者He is an advocate of more airplanes and fewer warships.他是一个提倡多造飞机、少造军舰的人。辩护律师, 辩护人He got the best advocate in town to defend him.他请城里最好的律师为他辩护9.断言，声称 assert affirm allege maintain testify claimassert : 主观意味强，指自认为某事就是如此，而不管事实如何。及物动词 断言,声称+thatO2She asserted her innocence. 她宣称她是清白的。 He asserted that he was not guilty. 他声明他无罪。 维护,坚持;主张拥有The boss asserted his authority by punishing his employees. 老板靠惩罚雇员来维护自己的权威。 assert sb.s influence 维护某人的权势显示;确立Assert your independence. 表现出你的独立精神。 affirm: 侧重在作出断言时表现出的坚定与不可动摇的态度。及物动词&不及物动词断言+that; 证实(+as) They affirmed to the facts. 他们证明这些是事实。 They affirmed that the girls did quite a bit of reading. 他们断言这些女孩子读了不少书。 He affirmed himself to be right. 他坚持自己是正确的。allege: 多指无真凭实据，不提供证据的断言或宣称。及物动词 (无充分证据而)断言,宣称O2+(that)They police allege that the man was murdered but they have given no proof. 警方称这男子是被人谋杀的,但没提出任何证据. (作为理由、借口或论据等)提出(+as)+(that)She was late for the meeting and alleged that her watch was wrong. 她开会迟到了,说是因为手表不准。allege sth. as a reason 提出某事作为理由maintain: assert 义，但前者指坚决维护某种主张或观点。及物动词 维持;保持;使继续Ann and Mary maintained their friendship for the next thirty years. 安妮和玛丽在此后的三十年中一直保持着她们之间的友谊。 维修,保养Frank maintains his car very well. 弗兰克把自己的车子保养得很好。 坚持;主张;断言+(that)He maintains that he once saw a UFO. 他坚持称自己曾看见过飞碟。 供养,抚养;负担,支持Mr. Smith maintains his son at college. 史密斯先生供养念大学的儿子。 testify: 多指在法庭作证，庄严地宣称自己所说属实。不及物动词 作证(+for/against/to)The next witness will testify for the defense. 下一个证人将为被告人作证。 表明,证明(+to)The excellence of Shakespeares plays testifies to his genius. 莎士比亚戏剧的卓越证明了他的天才。testify to his innocence 证明某人无罪向上帝忏悔Reformed sinners testify. 受感化的罪人向上帝忏悔。 及物动词 证实+thatThe witness testified that he had seen the man shoot at his victim. 证人作证说他看到那男人向其受害者开枪。 表明,证明+thatHer deep sighs testified her sadness. 她的一声声长叹表明她的悲伤。 声明He testified his faith in Christianity openly. 他公开声明信仰基督教。 claim: 可 assert 用，但语气弱一些，侧重指行为自己的权利提出要求他人承认。及物动词 (根据权利)要求;认领;索取The old man claimed the land. 老人要求得到这块土地。 自称,声称;主张Y+to-v+(that)She claimed that the ring was stolen, not lost. 她声言那只戒指是被偷的,而不是遗失的。 She claims to be a good pianist. 她声称是位优秀的钢琴家。 值得,需要The trend claims our attention. 这一趋势需要我们予以注意。 (疾病,意外)夺去(生命)The tornado claimed dozens of lives. 那场龙卷风夺去了几十条人命。 不及物动词 提出要求(+on/for)Claim for indemnity 要求索赔名词 (根据权利而提出的)要求CU(+for/on/to)Mary made a claim to the pencil. 玛丽认为她应得到这枝铅笔。 (对某事物的)权利;要求权;所有权CU(+on/to)What claim does he have to the property? 他有何权利要求得到这笔财产? 主张,断言,声称C+to-v+thatHis claim to own the house is valid.他主张对此屋的所有权有效。要求物;(移民等)申请产权的土地C(对保险公司的)索赔C(+for)waive a claim 放弃索赔（要求）10. 显示，显露，展现 show exhibit display manifest demonstrate show: 最普通用词，泛指任何有意或无意地把东西给别人看的行为。及物动词&不及物动词给看, 显示The sky began to show red in the early morning.清晨天空呈现出一片红色。表现出; 显露出The first signs of a split were beginning to show.分裂