高考英语 重难点语法讲解-状语从句.doc

状语从句1.引导状语从句的连词时间状语从句when（as、while）（当时候）、since（自从）、before（在之前）、after（在之后）、until（till）（直到才）、whenever（每当）、once（一旦）、every time（每当）、the day（在那天）、as soon as（一就）、hardly（scarcely）when（一就）、no soonerthan（一就）、instantly（immediately、directly）（一就）、the moment（minute、second、instant）（一就）地点状语从句where（在地方）、wherever（在任何地方）、every where（在每个地方）原因状语从句because(as、for)（因为）、since（既然）、when（既然）、now（that）（既然）、in that（因为、既然）条件状语从句if（如果）、unless（除非）、as（so）long as（只要）、providing（provided）（that）（假如）、suppose（supposing）（that）（假如）、in case（如果）、only if（如果）、if only（但愿、如果就好了）、on condition that（条件是）让步状语从句though（although）（虽然）、even if（even though）（即使）、while（虽然、尽管）、whatever（no matter what）（无论如何）、whenever（no matter when）（无论何时）、wherever（no matter where）（无论哪里）、whoever（no matter who）（无论谁）、however（no matter how）（无论怎样）、for all（that）（尽管）、granting（granted） that（即使）、whetheror（不论还是）、in spite of（despite）the fact that（不管）结果状语从句so that（so、that）（结果）、so（such）that（如此以至于）、but that（but）（要不是）目的状语从句so that（so、that）（为了、以使）、lest（以防）、in case（以防、以免）、for fear that（以防）、in order that（为了）比较状语从句than（比）、asas（像一样）、not so（as）as（不像一样）、（not）the same as（不）同一样）、not so as（不如）、（not） suchas（不）如）方式状语从句as（像、犹如）、as if（as though）（好像、仿佛）、the way（的样子）2、时间状语从句（表示时间的状语从句） when、whenever、while和as when意为“当时候”，表示某个具体的时间。所引导从句的动作或是与主句的动作 同时发生，或是先于主句动作。when可指一段时间也可指一点时间（即时间点）；既可表示一时性动作又可表示持续性的动作。whenever意为“每当”，指的是任何一个不具体的时间。as意为“当时候”更侧重于“一边一边”，as还可表示“随着”。while表示一个时间段，只能表示持续性的动作或状态，不能表示一次性或短暂性的动作。例如： he entered the lecture hall when (as或while)the lecturer was speaking.（指一段时间） while (as) he was studying, his brother was sleeping.（指一段时间） when (as) he arrives, i will inform him of it.（指一点时间不能用while） i was doing my homework when suddenly the telephone rang.（指一点时间） before和after before意为“在之前”，表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之后。after意为“在之后”，表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。例如： he had done good preparations before he went to college. after he had tried many times and failed in the end, he gave up. until和till 这两个词都表示“直到、到为止”。表示一个动作持续到某一时刻为止。二者用法相近，但在句首时只能用until。例如： he waited at home until/till it stopped raining. until all the lights in the street had been off, the boy went home.a、notuntil可用于强调句中，这种强调结构只能用until（till）不用before。例如：it wasnt until ten oclock that the lazy boy got up.b、notuntil可以位于句首表示强调，运用倒装结构，这时不可用before。例如：not until yesterday did i find the missing bag at home.not until he was punished did the boy realize his fault.=it was not until he was punished that the boy realized his fault.=the boy didnt realize his fault until he was punished.sincea、since表示“自从”，所引导的从句一般要用非延续性动词，主句多用延续性动词和完成时态。例如：he has worked at this college since he graduated.b、since引导的从句若用延续性动词或状态动词的过去时，则表示该动作或状态的完成或结束。例如：it has been five years since he worked here.他不在这工作已经五年了since he lived here, i have lost touch with him. (=since he left here)自从他不住在这儿，我就和他失去了联系since he was at school, he has worked in that city. (=since he wasnt at school)自从他下学，他就在这个城市工作hardly（scarcely）when（before）和no sooner than这几个连词词组都表示“一就”，强调主句和从句的动作相继发生。此结构有以下两个特点：一是主句谓语动词用过去完成时（had done的形式），从句谓语动词用一般过去时；二是否定副词hardly、scarcely和no sooner位于句首，主句用部分倒装结构，助动词had提到主语前面。例如：hardly had they fallen in love with each other when they got married.=they had hardly fallen in love with each other when they got married.no sooner had i arrived home than it rained heavily.as soon as、directly、instantly、immediately和the moment这几个连词都表示“一就”，表示从句动作一发生，主句动作立刻发生。名词词组the instant、the moment、the minute、the second、every time、any time、next time、the first time、the last time、the day、the month、the week、the year、the morning、the afternoon等也可作为连词引导时间状语从句。例如：he went to the office immediately he received the notice.as soon as i arrive, i will make a telephone call to you.the moment (minute/second/instant)he saw her he fell in love with her deeply.every time i meet her, she will smile to me.he got married the summer he graduated from college.3、地点状语从句（表示地点的状语从句） 地点状语从句由where、wherever和anywhere引导，位置较灵活可放在主句后也可放在主句前。where指“在某个地方”、wherever指“在任何地方”、everywhere指“每个地方”。例如： where there is a will, there is a way. put the book back where it is. wherever we go, our parents will miss us. anywhere you go, i will accompany you. 4、原因状语从句（表示原因的状语从句） because、since、as和for a、because表示原因时语气最强，常用来回答why引导的疑问句。用于强调句强调原因时只能用because不可用其它三个词，because可和强调词just、only以及not连用。because从句一般位于主句后，也可放在主句前面表示强调。 b、since语气比because弱，表示一种附带的原因或是对方已知的事实，表示一种显然的理由，相当于汉语的“既然”，引导的从句常放在句首。since可用于省略句中（如since 、so“既然如此”），其他三个词不能用于省略句中。 c、as语气较弱，只是对主句的附带说明，表示不言自明的原因或是已知的事实。as引导的从句通常放在主句前。 d、for表示原因时语气最弱，for引导的从句并不是主句行为的直接原因，只起到一种补充说明的作用。只能放在主句后面，不可位于主句前，且用逗号同主句隔开。 例如 why do you disagree to the proposal? because it is unpractical.(只能用because) he cut class just because he didnt like math. (只能用because) it was because he received high education that he had more opportunities than others. (只能用because)because he broke the traffic rule, he was fined.（表示强调） we must get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to errors.（位于主句后用逗号同主句隔开） since you have no time to spare, i will turn to others for help. as i get lost, i dont know how to go back. now（that）、in that 这两个连词意思相近意为“既然、由于”。now that位于句首，in that位于句中。例如： now (that) you have done good preparations, you neednt feel worried. all of us like him in that he is very humorous.5、条件状语从句 if和unless if表示正面条件意为“如果”，unless表示反面条件意为“除非、如果不”相当于if not，一般情况下可以互换。 if it is sunny tomorrow, well go hiking. you will be late unless you hurry. if you dont have a good command of english grammar, you wont study english well. =unless you have a good command of english grammar, you wont study english well. provided/providing（that）、suppose/supposing（that）、so（as）long as、on condition that、in case、assuming（that）、given（that）等。例如： supposing/suppose it rains, what should we do? providing/provided (that) you can keep the secret to yourself, i can tell you about it. assuming (that) an earthquake took place, what would happen to the village? in case i cant arrive on time, you can go first without me. only if和if only only if表示“只要”，only起到强调的作用，引导的从句用陈述语气；if only引导的从句要用虚拟语气，意为“但愿、如果就好了”。例如： only if you respect others, youll be respected. if only i were a millionaire. if only i had followed his advice. 6、让步状语从句让步状语从句表示“虽然、尽管、即使”等含义，不可和but同时使用，两者只能用一个。但可和yet、still、nevertheless等连用。although、though、even though和even if这几个词或词组都表示“虽然、即使、尽管”。even though和even if语气较强而although和though相对较弱，although较正式而though较通俗。让步状语从句可位于主句前也可位于主句后。例如：although our parents often criticize and even beat us, we still love them.though i like listening to music, i cant sing.even though (if) he is rich, yet he isnt happy.though most of us are against it, nevertheless i am for it.在让步状语从句中though和although常可互换，但在下列几种情况下只能用though不能用although。a、though可和even连用表示强调而although不可以。例如：even though the process is full of difficulties, the result is wonderful and satisfactory.b、though可同as连用构成as though，相当于as if表示“好像”。例如： it looks as though its going to rain. c、though可用于倒装式的让步状语从句中，相当于as，而although则不可以。例如： tough though the situation is, i will face up to it. d、though作为副词或等立连词时表示转折，意为“然而、却”，不可用although。例如： he speaks english quickly though correctly. it is a fact, though. whetheror（not） 从属连词whetheror意为no matter whetheror，引导让步状语从句提供两个对比的情况，表示“不管”。例如： whether you like it or not, youll have to do it. whether you go with me or stay at home, i will go. whether or not it rains, the meeting will be held on time. whatever、whoever、whichever、whenever、wherever和however 这几个词除可引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句。相当于no matter what、no matter who、no matter which、no matter when、no matter where和no matter how表示“无论什么、无论谁、无论哪一个、无论何时、无论何地、无论如何”但“no matter+特殊疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句，不能引导名词性从句。例如： whatever you say, i wont believe you. (=no matter what) whoever respects us, we should respect him. (=no matter who) whenever she gets angry, he will cheer her up. (=no matter when) wherever you go, i will keep you company. (=no matter wherever) whichever color you choose, the tie will match your coat well. (=no matter which) however careful we are, we will err. (no matter how)让步状语从句中的倒装though引导的让步状语从句可以运用倒装结构而其它从属连词则不可以。在倒装结构中，though可用as或that代替。但用as和that引导让步状语从句时必须倒装。倒装形式主要有以下几种。a、名词+though（as、that）+主语+be动词manager though(as、that) he is, he is very modest.这时作表语的单数可数名词放在句首时，名词不能同冠词连用。b、形容词+ though（as、that）+主语+谓语strong though you are, you cant lift it.这时作表语的形容词前不能添加任何表示程度的副词。c、副词+ though（as、that）+主语+谓语hard as he works, he was unable to make great progress.d、原形动词+ though（as、that）+主语+助动或情态动词fail many times as he did, he never lost heart.search though they might, they cant find anybody in the house.e、现在分词+ though（as、that）+主语+be动词或助动词raining as it is, im going to visit you.living, as he does, alone in the mountain, he feels pleased.f、过去分词+ though（as、that）+主语+be动词praised as he was, he remained modest.但上述有些结构并非总是表示让步，名词或过去分词放在句首时也可以表示原因。例如：child as he is, he doesnt experience some social problems.born as he is in a rich family, he grows up better than others.tired as he was, he stopped working and went to bed.（原因）tired as he was, he continued to work.（让步）7、结果状语从句sothat和suchthat这两个短语表示“如此以至于”，常用的结构如下。so+形容词（副词）+thatso+形容词+a（an）+可数名词单数+thatsuch+形容词+复数名词+thatsuch+形容词+不可数名词+thatsuch+a（an）+形容词+可数名词单数+thatthe boy is so young that he cant go to school.he had so many papers to do that he stayed up late.i had so little money that i couldnt afford that car.he is such a clever boy that everyone likes him.=he is so clever a boy that everyone likes him.so that、so和so that这三个词也可引导结果状语从句，也可理解为so that中的so或that可省略一个。so that最常见，so和that多用于口语中。so that引导的结果状语常用逗号同主句隔开。例如：he got up late, so that he didnt catch the first bus.he didnt obey the rule, so he was fined.what trouble did you meet that you gave up.such that也可引导结果状语从句，such常作表语。例如：the weather was such that i wouldnt go out.8、目的状语从句目的状语从句表示“为了、以便”，常同表示“能够”的情态动词连用。如：can、could、may和might。有时偶尔也可用shall、should、will和would。so that和in order that这是两个最常见的引导目的状语从句的短语，表示“为了、目的是、以便”。so that较常见，in order that多用于较正式的场合。in order that从句可放在主句前或主句后，而so that从句一般放在主句后面，有时放在主句前表示强调。例如：speak loudly so that you can be heard clearly.in order that others will notice her, she wear a bright coat.the teacher explained the answer again and again in order that we could understand it fully.lest、in case和for fear that这三个词都表示“以防、以免”引导目的状语从句。lest从句要用虚拟语气，in case和for fear that引导的目的状语从句一般用虚拟语气间或用陈述语气。例如：take an umbrella, lest it should rain.take an umbrella in case it rains.she got up early for fear that he would be late for work.lest、in case和for fear that引导目的状语从句可以转换为so that或in order that+否定动词或否定的不定式或动名词短语。例如：he got up early lest(for fear that、in case) he should miss the first train.= he got up early so that(so、that、in order that) he wouldnt miss the first train.= he got up early in order/so as not to miss the first train.= he got up early for fear of missing the first train.如何区别结果状语从句和目的状语从句通过上述结果状语从句和目的状语从句的讲述，我们知道so that既可引导结果状语从句也可引导目的状语从句。那么如何辨别so that引导的从句是结果状语从句还是目的状语从句呢？可以从以下方面予以区别。a、目的状语从句中的动词前要用can、could、may、 might、shall、should、will和would等情态动词，表示某种可能性，是主观愿望；而结果状语从句则不用，表示的是客观事实。b、引导结果状语从句的so that前常有逗号，而引导目的状语从句的so that前一般不用逗号。c、结果状语从句都放在主句后，而目的状语从句可放在主句前或后。例如：so that we could finish the task on time, we worked day and night.（目的状语从句）he was ready to help others, so that he was respected by everyone.（结果状语从句）he arrived at the railway station early, so that he caught the train.（结果状语从句）he arrived at the railway station early so that he caught the train.（目的状语从句）d、连词sothat引导的结果状语从句时，它的否定形式sothatnot有一个变体sobut，而目的状语从句中不存在。例如：he is not so injured that he may not stand.= he is not so injured but he may stand.9、比较状语从句引导比较状语从句的关联词有than（用于不同级之间的比较即比较级）、asas、the same as和suchas（用于表示同等程度的比较）、否定句用not so（as）as、not the sameas和not suchas。例如：he is taller than his brother (is).he knew tom better than you (knew him).jim studied harder than johnson (did).he spoke as rudely as he quarreled.your bike is the same as mine.i cant play basketball as/so well as he.10、方式状语从句as和just as这两个连词的意思是“尤如、好像”，just as比as强调性更强，as前也可用exactly加以强调。例如：i did just as you told me.exactly the character belongs to a person, taiwan is part of china.as if和as thoughas if和as though引导方式状语从句时，从句可用陈述语气表示符合或有可能符合事实的情况；也可用虚拟语气表示不符合事实或与事实相反的情况。另外，as if和as though从句可用省略形式，后面通常接不定式、分词、形容词或介词短语。例如：it looks as if (as though) it is going to rain.the kind lady treats e as if i were her son.he looked around as if (he was) to look for something.she stood anxiously as if (she was) waiting for somebody.he didnt speak to anybody today as if (he was) sad.the little boy cried sadly as if (he was) bullied by others.the man looked as if (he was) in search for his book.练习：1. after the war，a new school building was put up _ there had once been a theatre.a. thatb. wherec. whichd. when2. _ he took part in the competition, he won a second prize. a. for the first time b. at a time c. at one time d. the first time4. i had just started back for the house to change my clothes _ i heard the voices. a. as b. after c. while d. when5. the class went on with the story _ they had left it before the holiday. a. where b. which c. in which d. when7. - is mr. smith in the office?- yes，_ he is in charge of （负责）the office，he must be there.a. sinceb. howeverc. whetherd. for8. someone called me up in the middle of the night，but they hung up _ i could answer the phone.a. asb. sincec. untild. before9. - dont look down upon bob. he has his own advantages.- oh, yes. _ others are weak, he is strong.a. ifb. whenc. whered. though10. the day must be breaking, _ the birds have begun singing. a. because b. as c. for d. since11. john may phone tonight. i dont want to go out _ he phones.a. as long asb. in order toc. in cased. so that12. _others say, the expert is sure that his theory is correct a. no matter b. it doesnt matter c. whatever d. what13. many places are flooded by heavy rainfalls, so they cant walk _ they like these days. a. when b. whenever c. where d. wherever14. his father began to work _ his childhood. a. since b. before c. as early as d. while15. the roof fell _ he had time to dash into the room to save his baby. a. before b. as c. after d. until16. - the thread of my kite broke and it flew away. - i had told you it would easily break _it was the weakest a. when b. where c. unless d. since17. the crowd started cheering _ he rose to speak. a. as b. since c. till d. where18. i had worked here _ you came here. but i shall leave for england _. a. before long, before long b. before long; long before c. long before, before long d. long before; long before19. scientists say it may be five or ten years _ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.a. since b. before c. after d. when20. _ the internet is bringing the distance between people, it may also be breaking some homes or will cause other family problems. a. when b. if c. as d. while21. though he is in his sixties, _ he works as hard as a young man a. yet b. but c. and d. and yet22. the two girls look _ much alike _ no one can tell them apart. a. so, that b. so, and c. as, that d. such, that23. john shut everybody out of the kitchen _ he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. a. whichb. whenc. so thatd. as if24. beijing is larger than _ city in africa a. any b. other c. each d. any other25. we must hurry up _ catch the last train.a. thatb. so that toc. in order thatd. in order