让步状语从句简说.doc

让步状语从句简说崔长平 河南遂平一高（463100）让步状语从句经常被用来表达“退一步说”的含义，因此，让步状语从句都具有“虽然，尽管，虽说，即便，即使，即令，无论 还是 ，不管 还是 ”之类的意义。在让步状语从句中，常常使用一般现在时取代一般将来时；用一般过去时取代过去将来时。让步状语从句常用的引导词：although与though1.although与though都可以用来引导一个让步状语从句，但均不能与but呼应使用，有时为了强调起见，可以和(and)yet，still或nevertheless等呼应使用。Though the weather was bad, they did not stay at home.John didnt wear a raincoat although it was raining.Although I believe it, yet I must consider.Though the pain was bad, still he did not complain.Although the story was not true, nevertheless, everyone believed it.当然，当第一个分句含有让步意义时，我们可以不用although或though来引导，而在第二个分句前加用but，(and)yet，still，nevertheless等词即可。The story was not true, but everyone believed it.It is very good, yet it can be better.He is seriously ill; still there is hope of his recovery.There was no news; nevertheless, she went on hoping.2.在as though，even though等固定说法中，不用although替代though。Even though it is hard work, I enjoy it.Davy and my father acted as though nothing had happened.3.though可以用作副词，意为“但，但是，尽管如此”，通常置于句末或插入到句中。although则不能。He will probably agree, you never know, though.He said he would come, he didnt,though.4.though引导的让步状语从句可以使用倒装结构，而although则不能。Clever though she was, she could not work out this problem.Child though she was, she could tell one from the other.5.although和though引导的让步状语从句既可以置于主句之前，也可以置于主句之后。放在主句之前时，强调主句的内容；放在主句之后时，强调从句的内容。Though he is in poor health, he works hard.He passed the examination though he had been prevented by illness from studying.6.当让步状语从句表达某种假设的情况时，通常使用though而不使用although。Though everyone deserts you, I will not.Well leave as arranged though it might rain tomorrow.even if 与 even though二者均意为“即便，即使，即令”，所引导的让步状语从句既可使用陈述语气，也可使用虚拟语气。Theyll stand by you even if you dont succeed.She wont leave the TV set, even though her husband is waiting for his supper.Even if I am busy, I will attend the meeting. 虽然忙，我也要参加会议。 （陈述语气，意为“我现在的确很忙”）Even if I were busy, I would attend the meeting.即使忙，我也要参加会议。 （虚拟语气，意为“我现在并不忙”）ifif经常用来引导条件状语从句，但在不少情况下，也可用来引导让步状语从句，意为“如果说，即使说，虽说”。If Im mistaken, you are wrong, too.He is a very good man, if rather dull.if 引导让步状语从句时，与主句在意义上大多是对立的。If she has a lot of money, she never buys anything like that.即便她有很多钱，她也从不买像那样的东西。 （让步状语从句，主从句在意义上是对立的。）If she has a lot of money, she will buy something like that.如果她有很多钱，她就会买像那样的东西。 （条件状语从句，主从句在意义上不存在对立。）while与whereas二者引导的让步状语从句，经常用来表示对比与转折，意为“可是，然而”，“当 却 ”。Jane was dressed in brown while Mary was dressed in blue.Some people waste food while others havent enough.While their country has plenty of oil, ours has none.Some praise him, whereas others condemn him.He thought I was lying, whereas I was telling the truth.Whereas we want a flat, they would rather live in a house.二者还可以表示“尽管，虽然”，多置于句首。While I admit that the problems are difficult,I dont agree that they cannot be solved.While we dont agree we continue to be friends.While I am willing to go, I would like it better if you went.whether or (not)whether经常与or连用引导一个让步状语从句，意为“无论还是”。Whether he drives or takes the train, he should be here on time.Whether we go or whether we stay, the result is the same.Whether it rains or not, I shall go out for an outing this afternoon.常可使用简略说法：We will take the next offer, whether good or bad.Almost all can enjoy, whether boys or girls, men or women, young or old.whenwhen也可以用来引导一个让步状语从句，意为“虽然，然而”，“本该 却 ”。从句中经常体现着一种虚拟的成分。He walks here when he might take a taxi.他本该坐出租车过来的，却步行来了。She stopped trying when she might have succeeded next time.她本该下一次成功的，却停止尝试了。动词原形 + 疑问词 + 主语 + 情态动词或助动词这一结构意为“无论，不管”，属于一种倒装结构。Come when you will, you will find her in the study.无论你何时来，你都会在书房里找到他。Be the consequences what they may, I will not shrink from doing my duty.不管后果如何，我对于履行我的义务决不退缩。asas引导的这种让步状语从句语气比较强烈，语体正规，经常用于书面语言，意为“尽管，虽然”。从句需要进行倒装。其倒装构成形式见下表。基本构成形式例 句有 关 说 明表语as主语系动词1.Young as he is，he is equal to the task.2.Crowded as the restaurant was，they tried to find a table.3.Child as he was，he knew what was the right thing to do. 4.Difficult as was the work，they finished it in time.1.表语经常是由形容词、分词、或名词充当；2.名词用作表语时，其前不能加用冠词；3.从句的主语是名词时，其主谓语序要倒装。状语as主语谓语动词1.Hard as he studied，he did not get good marks in the exam.2.Early as we got there，our teacher was there before us.这一结构中的谓语动词一般是行为动词，即可以是及物动词（带宾语）也可以是不及物动词。动词as主语1.Search as they would，they could find nothing in the house.2.Try as he may，he will fail in the examination.3.Die as he did，his inspiration lived on.4.Lose money as I did，I got a lot of experience.5.Fail as he did，he would never give up.在这一结构中，主语后面一般加上情态动词may，might，will，would，can，could等，句首的动词应该使用原形。如果从句中没有情态动词，那么，应在从句的主语之后（根据时态和数要求）加上助动词do，does，或did。在这一结构中，放在句首的动词如果是及物动词，那么，这个动词连同它的宾语一起放到as之前。分词 + as + 主语 +助动词1.Standing as it does at the top of the hill，The temple is well preserved.2.Living， as I do，so remote from town，I have many visitors.3.Hidden as it is by the trees，the tower can scarcely be seen.在这一结构中，若现在分词提前时，主语之后根据具体的时态和数需放置一个助动词（did，do，does）；若过去分词提前时，主语之后需放置be动词（am，is，are，was，were）。使用as引导让步状语从句时，还应注意以下几点：1.这类让步状语从句一般应置于主句之前，但有时也可放在主句之后或插入到主句之中。He would do it, forbidden as he was.The book, masterpiece as it is, is far from popular.2.这类让步状语从句中的as有时也可以换用成though；如果表语是名词时还可以用that来替代。Disabled though（=as）he is, he tries his best to serve the people.Lover of towns that（=as）I am, I realize that I own a great debt to my early country life.Patient though（=as）he way,he was unwilling to wait three hours.3.有时as表示原因时也可使用倒装结构，这时应注意as表示原因与表示让步的区别，其辨别方法主要是根据句子的意义。Busy as she is, she cannot attend the meeting. （原因）Busy as she is, she works hard at English. （让步）Fast as he read, he finished the book in time. （原因）Fast as he read, he could not finish the book in time. （让步）4.注意下列几种说法，意义基本相同：Rich as / though he is, I do not envy him.(Al) though he is rich, I do not envy him.However rich he may be, I do not envy him.No matter how rich he is, I do not envy him.I do not envy him, even though he is rich.no matter + 疑问词 与 疑问词 + ever基本用法比较表疑问词+ever用 法 举 要疑问词加强语气的说法whenever其意义相当no matter when，均可用来引导让步状语从句，但whenever还可以引导名词性从句或时间状语从句。用例见A。when everwheneverwhoever其意义相当于no matter who，均可用来引导让步状语从句，但whoever还可以引导名词性从句。其宾格形式为whomever。用例见B。who everwhoeverwhom everwhomeverwhatever其意义相当于no matter what，均可用来引导让步状语从句，但whatever还可以用来引导名词性从句。用例见C。what everwhateverwherever其意义相当于no matter where，均可用来引导让步状语从句，但wherever还可以用来引导名词性从句或地点状语从句。用例见D。where everwhereverhowever其意义相当于no matter how，均可用来引导让步状语从句，但however还可以用来引导名词性从句或方式状语从句。however还可以解释为“但是，可是，然而，不过”等含义，是一个副词，表示语义的转折，经常插入在句首、句中或句末，有逗号与句子的主干隔开。用例见E。how everhoweverwhichever其意义相当于no matter which，均可用来引导让步状语从句，但whichever还可以用来引导名词性从句。用例见F。which everwhichever只存在no matter whether / if ，用来引导让步状语从句，其作用相当于whether，但whether还可以用来引导名词性从句。用例见G。分类例句：A：引导让步状语从句，二者可以互换。You seem to have a ready-made answer, whenever I ask you a question.No matter when (= Whenever) you call on me, you are welcome.I told him to come back whenever he wants to.You may leave whenever you please.引导时间状语从句。Whenever she looked at John she smiled.I go to the theatre whenever I get the chance.Whenever asked about it, she hesitated to give an answer.Whenever (its) possible, the children play outside in the fresh air.引导名词性从句。Whenever you drop in is welcome.用来加强疑问语气，意为“到底，究竟”，相当于疑问词之后放置on earth，in the world，under the sun，in hell，the hell等等。Whenever / When ever will we meet again?B：Whoever(= No matter who)you are,you cant pass this way. （让步状语从句）Ill find the person who did this,whoever(= no matter who)he is. （让步状语从句）Whoever(= anybody who 或 anyone who)comes will be welcom. （主语从句）Give it to whoever(= anybody who 或 anyone who)you like. （宾语从句）Whoever(= Who ever)said that? （加强疑问语气）C：Ill post the letter whatever(= no matter what)Wilson says. （让步状语从句）Whatever(= No matter what)happened I must be calm and quiet. （让步状语从句）Whatever(= Anything that)she did was right. （主语从句）Ill just say whatever(= anything that)comes into my head. （宾语从句）Whatever / What ever are you going to do with it? （加强疑问语气）D：Wherever(= No matter where)he goes,Ill go with him. （让步状语从句）Ill find her wherever(no matter where)she may be. （让步状语从句）Well go wherever(= to any place where)you stay. （地点状语从句）Wherever the sea is,youll find seamen. （地点状语从句）Sit wherever(= any place where)you like. （地点状语从句）Ill telephone you from wherever(= any place where)I get tomorrow. （宾语从句）Wherever / Where ever are you taking me? （加强疑问语气）E：However(= No matter how)far he wandered，he always returned by dusk. （让步状语从句）However(= No matter how)cold it is,she always goes swimming. （让步状语从句）You may use it however and whenever you like. （方式和时间状语从句）However / How ever did you find it? （加强疑问语气）He was different,however,from the others. （语义转折的副词）F：Whichever(= No matter which