1讲座部分.doc

第一章 讲座部分第一节 高分攻略一. 考纲透视内容=讲座(900 words)和填空任务, 要求边听边记笔记,然后完成填空内容: 题材三大类(1)社会类（环境、道德、生活、经济、心理、健康、就业、犯罪、工作环境、设施建设等）(2)文化教育类：（家庭教育、学校教育、现代文化、古代文化、语言文字、风俗习惯、大众传媒等；(3) 全球类（科技发展、人类生存、国家援助等 1997-2006年讲座听力选材2006What meaning is in literary works?2005How to write a research paper?2004SECTION A: Language use is a fact of joint actions.SECTION D: Four ways to make people feel at ease in conversations.2003SECTION A: Modern company and harmonious work relations.SECTION D: A brief introduction to Maslows hierarchy of needs.2002SECTION A: Urbanization in the U. S. and functions of early cities.SECTION D: Study activities and their features and roles in higher education.2001SECTION A; The World Bank and development aid.SECTION D: Advantages and disadvantages of the press conference, and key factors of successful news coverage.2000SECTION A: Public and private libraries.SECTION D: Key points in becoming a successful public speaker.1999 SECTION A: Anti-noise techniques and devices. SECTION D: Sponsorship of sports events by companies.1998 SECTION A: Gambling addiction / compulsion强迫,强制.SECTION D: Origins and characteristics of Received Pronunciation. 标准发音1997SECTION A: Acid rain.SECTION D: Advantages and disadvantages of credit-buying system.可以看出,讲座以文化教育为主，但热点问题如环境、犯罪等选材也不可忽视二 题型分析重点:记录关键信息的能力，并不涉及太过细枝末节的信息，对考生听力水平要求较高。1. 听（1） 讲座中心和结构抓住开头一般是典型的议论文或说明文，所以结构清晰而有特点。采取”总分总”结构: 即开头为主题,然后列举的方式说明分论点(论证或解释),最后重申主题2005年真题中的的讲座为例,首先提出几个问题(总)What is writing a research paper like?How are we going to write one?What are the steps in producing a research paper and what are the points we need to take care of ?(分) 然后,针对提的问题用列举的方式一一分析和解释:In todays lecture , Ill try to answer these questions.(总) 最后又对重点进行总结:OK. To sum up , in todays lecture, weve looked at some of the issues in research paper writing, like the basic steps, types of research paper, and how to choose a topic. 2006年的讲座也采用了总分总结构.开头点明主题:(总) In todays lecture we shall discuss what meaning is in literary works .Id like to discuss three ways to explain what meaning is.主体部分分三点论述:(分) (i) Meaning is what is intended by the author (ii) Meaning is created by and contained in the text itself (iii) Meaning is created by the reader结尾部分进行总结(总) The essential point of this lecture is that meaning in literature is a phenomenon that is not easily located , that meaning is historical, social and derived from the traditions of reading and thinking and understanding of the world that you are educated about （2） 行文逻辑和分论点:抓住关键性提示词句和段落主题句主体部分为考察的重点。听的过程注意关键性的提示词语或者句子和段落的主题句。下面是2005和2006年听力讲座主体部分的结构，即关键性的提示句 p.5 2005First of all, what is writing a research paper like?l Generally speaking, there are two basic types of research papers, and a paper may belong to either type.l Now, lets take a look at how you are going to write a survey-type research paper or an argumentative议论文 research paper.In the next part of the lecture, Id like to talk about one of the basic steps in writing I mentioned earlier in the lecture that is, how to choose a topic. l Question number one: do you really want to know more about this topic?l Question number two: are you likely to find many sources of information on this topic?l Questions number three: can you cut the topic down to a manageable size?l Question number four: what questions can you ask about the topic itself?OK. To sum up, in todays lecture, weve looked at some of the issues in research paper writing, like the basic steps, types of research paper, and how to choose a topic. 2006 p.52006Now, lets take a look at the first approach that is, meaning is what is intended by the author.l First, go to the library and read other works by the same author.l Second, get to know something about what sort of meanings seem to be common in literary works in that particular tradition and at that time.l And last, get to know what were the cultural values and symbols of the time.Now, lets move on to the second approach to meaning that is, meaning is created by and contained in the text itself.Now, the third approach to meaning that is, meaning is created by the reader.l *The first is meaning is social.l *Second, meaning is contextual.l *And last, meaning requires reader competency能力.The essential point of this lecture is that meaning in literature is a phenomenon that is not easily located, that meaning is historical, social and derived from the traditions of reading and thinking and understanding of the world that you are educated about p.6 关键性提示词句主要包括以下几类：(a) 表引出新观点或内容的词句：lets take a look at.; lets move on to.; In the next part of the lecture, Id like to talk about.; Id like to indicate/ point out/make clear that.等 (b) 表示列举各个分支论点的词句 : first. second. third; first of all. furthermore,.at last等;(c) 表示强调、重申和总结的词句: to sum up; generally speaking; the essential point of this lecture is.; what is the most important is.等。(3) 重要细节和例证 p.6表达观点（他人或作者自己的观点）believe, think, maintain, consider, as far as . is concerned, speaking for myself, in my point of view, as I see it, personally speaking 等特别注意下列词语和短语：but, however, nevertheless, instead (转折); on the contrary, on the other hand, different from, unlike (对比); because, since, the reason that., therefore, as a result, consequently （因果）。2. 记(1) 边听边记首要原则关键是要抓住重要信息和记笔记的时机，例如演讲者陈述完自己的观点后，开始举例子时就可以记笔记。此外，记笔记时要讲究方法，尽量节约记笔记的时间，提高记笔记的速度。(2) 注意逻辑：重要考点是讲座中的主要分论点和某些重要的细节。记笔记的最佳时机是在表述分论点和重要细节之时。分论点和重要细节构成了行文的逻辑。记的重点就在讲座开头、关键性提示词句后和段落和段落的主题句处、提问处、表达观点处和强逻辑关系处都是记笔记的重点所在。(3) 关键词语提高笔记的质量所需填空的单词大多为实词（动、名、形、副）。以年真题的一个分论点为例：Both kinds of writing involve many of the same basic steps.本句中最关键的信息为the same basic steps，记笔记时可简化为same steps; 次重要的信息显然是both kinds of writing, 可简化为both writing; 而句子的谓语involve根本不用记，或用符号表示即可。由于英语的句子都是重心靠后（end focus）,所以一般处在句子后半部分的实词更为重要；至于句子的主语，往往是讲座的中心词，会反复出现，考生可用简化的字母表示。抓住了这些关键词就等于抓住了中心。(4) 常用缩略语和符号 p.8e.g. c.f. i.e. no. etc. 1st 2nd &W/ with 考生可以自己创造一些自己的缩略语，一般采用单词的第一个音节代替整个单词，例如用pol来代替politics, lit 代替literature 3. 答 听和记后最后一步就是回答问题根据已有信息预测，有较高的命中率；其次填单词不一定是原词，意思相同，语法正确就可以。注意填入的单词的语法特性。三.应试技巧平时培养自己抓要点记笔记的能力第二节 真题演练In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Now listen to the mini-lecture.2007年听力真题Mini lecture What Can We Learn from Art?1. Introduction1 ) Differences between general history and art history Focus: general history: (1) politics, economics, war art history: political values, emotions, everyday life, etc. 2) Significance of studyMore information and better understanding of human society and civilization.2. Types of information1 ) Information in history book is (2)objective facts , but no opinions2 ) Information in art history is subjective (3)personal emotionsand opinionse. g. Spanish painters works: misuse of governmental power Mexican artists works: attitudes towards social problems3. Art as a reflection of religious beliefs1) Europe: (4) the bible in pictures in churches2) Middle East: pictures of flowers and patterns in mosques, palaces Reason: human and (5) animals are not seen as holy3) Africa and the Pacific Islands: Masks面罩, headdresses饰头巾and costumes in special ceremoniesPurpose: to seek the help of (6) God to protect crops, animals and people4. Perceptions看法 of ArtHow people see art as related to their cultural background 1 ) Europeans and Americans（）decorationsexpression of ideas 2 ) People in other places10 part of everyday life (8) practical use 5. Art as a reflection of social changes1) Cause of changes: (9) reflection of different cultures 2) Changes tribal people: effects of (10) internationalization on art forms. European artists: influence of African traditional art in their works American and Canadian artists: study of Japanese painting2006年听力真题 Mini lectureMeaning in LiteratureIn reading literary works, we are concerned with the meaning of one literary piece or another.However, Finding out what something really means is a difficult issue. There are three ways to tackle meaning in literature.1. Meaning is what is intended by _ (1) the author_.Apart from reading an authors working in question, readers need to1) read (2) other works by the same author;2) get familiar with (3) literary trends at the time;3) get to know cultural values and symbols of the time.2. Meaning exists in the text itself.1) In some peoples view meaning is produced by the formal properties of thetext like (4) grammar, diction or uses of image , etc. 2) In the speakers view meaning is created by both conventions of meaning and(5) cultural codes .Therefore, agreement on meaning could be created by common traditions and conventions of usage. But different time periods and different _ (6) cultural perspectives could lead to different interpretations of meaning in context.3. Meaning is created by _ (7) the reader .1) Meaning is (8) social . 11 2) Meaning is contextual.3) Meaning requires (9) reader competency . . practicing competency in reading practicing other competencies background research in (10) social structure, traditions of writing or political cultural influence , etc.2005 年听力真题Mini lecture Writing a Research Paper1. Research Papers and Ordinary Essays1 ) Similarity in (1) basic steps : e. g. choosing a topic asking questions identifying the audience2 ) Difference mainly in terms of (2) raw materials a. research papers: printed sources b. ordinary essays: ideas in ones (3) 3. head 2. Types and Characteristics of Research PapersNumber of basic types: two Characteristics:1) survey-type paper: to gather (4) 4. facts to quoteto (5) 5. explain The writer should be (6) 6. objective .2) argumentative (research) paper: a. The writer should do more, e. g. to interpret to question, etc.b. (7) 7. purpose varies with the topic , e. g. to recommend an action, etc.123. How to Choose a Topic for a Research PaperIn choosing a topic, it is important to (8) 8. ask questions .Question No. 1 : Your familiarity with the topicQuestion No. 2: Availability of relevant information on the chosen topicQuestion No. 3 : Narrowing the topic down to (9) 9. a manageable size Question No. 4: Asking questions about (10) 10. the topic itself The questions help us to work out ways into the topic and discover its possibilities.2004年听力真题 mini lectureConversation SkillsPeople who usually make us feel comfortable in conversations are good talkers. And they have something in common , i. e. skills to put people at ease.1. Skills to ask questions:1) Be aware of the human nature: readiness to answer others questions regardless of (1) 1. shyness 2) Start a conversation with some personal but unharmful questions ,e. g. questions about ones ( 2 ) 2. first job,questions about ones activities in the (3) morning/day 3) Be able to spot signals for further talk.2. Skills to (4) listen for answers:1) Dont shift from subject to subject, sticking to the same subject: signs of (5) interest in conversation. 2 ) Listen to (6) tones of voice , if people sound unenthusiastic , then change subject. 3) Use eyes and ears, steady your gaze while listening.3. Skills to laugh:Effects of laughter: ease peoples ( 7 ) discomfort ; help start (8) a conversation -13-4. Skills to part:1) Importance: open up possibilities for future friendship or contact.2) Ways: men: a smile, a (9) 9, handshake ; women: same as (10) men _ now; how to express pleasure in meeting someone.2003 Mini Lecture Maslows Hierarchy of NeedsAbraham Maslow has developed a famous theory of human needs, which can be arranged in order of importance.1. Physiological needs: the most (1) basic/essential ones for survival. They include such needs as food, water, etc. And there is usually one way to satisfy these needs.2. (2) 2. Safety needs: needs for1) physical security;2) (3) 3. emotional security.The former means no illness or injury, while the latter is concerned with freedom from (4) 4. worries , misfortunes, etc.These needs can be met through a variety of means, e. g. job security, (5) 5. pension plans, and safe working conditions.3. Social needs: human requirements for1) love and affection;2) a sense of belonging.There are two ways to satisfy these needs:1) formation of relationships at workplace;2) formation of relationships outside workplace.4. Esteem needs:1) self-esteem, i. e. ones sense of achievement; 14-2) esteem of others, i. e. others respect as a result of ones (6) 6. work These needs can be fulfilled by achievement, promotion, honors, etc.5. Self-realization needs: need to realize ones potential. Ways to realize these needs are individually (7) 7. varied/different Features of the hierarchy of needs:1) Social, esteem and self-realization needs are exclusively (8) 8. human needs.2) Needs are satisfied in a fixed order from the bottom up.3) (9) 9. Motivation for needs comes from the lowest un-met level.4) Different levels of needs may (10) 10. coexist when they come into play.2002 听力真题 Mini Lecture Study Activities in UniversityIn order to help college and university students in the process of learning, four key study activities have been designed and used to encourage them to make knowledge their own.1. Essay writing:Central focus of university work esp. in the humanities, e. g. (1) 1. literature/history/politics Benefits: 1) Helping to select interesting content in books and to express understanding. 2) Enabling teachers to know progress and to offer (2) 2. advice,3) Familiarizing students with exam forms.2. Seminars and classroom discussion:Another form to internalize knowledge in specialized contexts.Benefits:1) _ (3) Talking/Discussion enables you to know the effectiveness of and others response to your speech immediately.2) Within the same period of time, more topics can be dealt with than in (4) writing/essay .3) The use of a broader range of knowledge is encouraged.153. Individual tutorials:A substitute for group discussion.Format: from teacher (5) 5. explanation to flexible conversation.Benefit: encouraging ideas and interaction.4. Lectures:A most (6) 6. widely/extensivelyused study activity.Disadvantages:1) Less (7) 7. interactive than discussions or tutorials.2) Providing a useful (8)_ map/survey/view _ _ to familiarize you with the main features.3) Updating students on (9) 9. theoretical/practical developments.4) Allowing students to follow different 10. views参考答案2007(1) politics, economics, war(4) the Bible(7) decorations(10) intemationalization(2) objective(5) animals(8) practical20061. the author 2. other works4. grammar, diction or uses of image6. cultural 7. the reader 8. social(3) personal emotions (6) God (9) reflection3. literary trends5. cultural codes9. reader competency10. social structure, traditions of writing or political cultural influences20053. head 4. facts7. purpose 8. ask questions10. the topic itself1. basic steps 2. raw materials5. explain 6. objective9. a manageable size20041. shyness16-2. first3. morning/day4. listen165. interest 6. tones 7. discomfort 8. a conversation 9, handshake 10, men20031. basic/essential 2. Safety 3. emotional 4. worries5. pension 6. work 7. varied/different 8. human9. Motivation 10. coexist20021. literature/history/politics 2. advice 3. Talking/Discussion4. writing/essay 5. explanation 6. widely/extensively7. interactive 8. map/survey/view9. theoretical/practical 10. views听力原文 2007 Good morning, todays lecture is the very first of series lectures of art history. So Id like to spend time discussing with you the following topic. Why do we need to study art history? And what can we learn from it?First of all, I would say, if you study art history, it might be a good way to learn more about culture that is possible to learn in general history class. You know, most typical history causes concentrate on politics, economics and war. But art history focuses on much more than this. Because art reflects not only the political values of the people, but also their religious beliefs, emotions, etc. In addition, information about the daily activities of art scientists can be provide by art, like what people did for a living, what kind of dress they wore, what sound they held, etc. In short, art can express the central qualities of time and place. And the study of it,