M5U1-Grammar-(2).doc

Module 5 Unit 1 Grammar and usagel Learning aims:1. Learn the grammar To-infinitive and Verb-ing form as a noun :2. Keep some phrases and language points in mind l Learning procedures:Step 1: 不定式是历年高考必考的内容。不定式在句子中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补语。1) To find a best friend is difficult. ( ) 2) I need to sleep for eight hours every night. ( )3) I asked him to come over. ( ) 4) I have a very important meeting to attend. ( )5) His attention was to cheer me up. ( )6) My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me. ( )1)不定式做主语:To play basketball with you is an unforgettable experience.当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。To play basketball with you is an unforgettable experience.= It is an unforgettable experience to play basketball with you .It做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：It is important for Tom to get that job. / It is kind of you to help me with my English.Its our duty to take care of the old. / It took me three hours to finish the work.2)不定式作宾语:The cat said “Remember not to take it next time!”a) 可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，如agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等。l I dont want _like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair.( 05天津) A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded当不定式短语作宾语时,我们也可以用先行代词it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放在宾补的后面.常用动词有believe,consider,declare,feel,find,guess,imagine,prove,realize,suppose,think等。He found it easy to solve the problem.b) 只有少数介词如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to，但如果but或except所在句子里的谓语动词含有do, does, did时，通常省略to。即有do无to，无do有to We have no choice but to wait. / We can do nothing but wait.3)不定式作宾语补语: 不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾语补语：allow, ask, advise, encourage, expect, force, would like, love, hate, order, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, forbid, get, 等。Heaskedyoutocallhimattenoclock.不定式作以下动词的宾语补足语时常省略to一感: feel;二听: hear, listen to; 三让: let, make, have 五看: see, watch, notice, look at 和observe但当使役动词和感官动词变成被动语态时，被省略的to应补上。eg. The workers were made to work 14 hours a day by the boss.注意: 感官动词后也可接ing 作宾补，但意思有区别I saw her talk to her new friends. (看到整个过程) I saw her talking to her new friends. (没看到整个过程)l While watching television, _. (2005全国卷 I)A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell ringsl If anyone happens to drop in while Im out, _ him or her leave a message. (2005福建卷)A. have B. get C. ask D. tell4)不定式作表语: Our most important task now is to make a plan.当句子的主语是aim, idea, wish, task, duty, dream, purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语， 用以说明主语所包含内容。My dream is to go to Peking University.His wish is to buy a good birthday present for his mother every year.注：作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略。Now the only thing we can do is wait.5)不定式作定语He has not kept his promise_ _(write) to his parents regularly.She made a decision _ _ (go)abroad for a year.His plan _ _ ( go ) abroad is rejected.不定代词，序数词,形容词最高级或被only, last, next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。Would you please give me something to drink?She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.Hes always the first to come and the last to leave . Tips: 不定式在作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，它后面需要加上适当介词。She has no person to talk with. / Theres nothing to worry about. I have no chair to sit in. / He has no friend to make with.6)不定式作状语 (1) 表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。l All these gifts must be mailed immediately _ in time for Christmas. (2005年辽宁卷)A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receivingl He hurried to the station only _ that the train had gone.A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have foundl The boy isnt old enough to go to school. = The boy is too young to go to school.l Im glad to meet you. Some tips:(1) 连接代（副）词+不定式（包括whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, （不包括why/if），在句中起名词作用，通常跟在句中作主、宾或表语。No one can tell me where to find John. / When to have the exam is still unknown.The problem is how to get enough money.(2)不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in.l - Is Bob still performing? - Im afraid not. He is said _ the stage already as he has become an official. (05年江苏卷) A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been D. to be leftl People in England are proud of the 30th Olympic Games _ in London in 2012. A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be heldl The book is said to have been translated _ ( translate ) into many languages.(3) 不定式在下列词组后面常省略to：wouldrather.than(宁愿也不),hadbetter.(最好)，canthelpbut.(不得 不)I would rather _ _ (go) swimming. / You had better _ _ (tidy) your bedroom.Why not _ _ (visit) your cousin in Japan?(4) 当两个不定式and, or, expect, but, than或rather than连接起来时，第二个不定式符号省略。She told me _ _(be) cheerful and _ _(look) on the bright side.We had nothing _ _(do) but _(watch) TV.Do you want to go shopping or _ _ ( watch ) a film?I decided to write rather than _ _ _ ( phone ).Step 2: Verb-ing form as a noun Collecting stamps is a good hobby. 1.动名词的句法功能：动名词由动词加ing构成，与现在分词的形式相同。动名词主要起名词作用，在句中担任主语、表语、宾语和定语。作主语，可以直接放在句首，也可以用先行代词it作为形式主语，而把动名词后置。(单个动名词短语作主语时，动词用单数) Seeing is believing. (眼见为实)动名词作主语还有以下两个习惯表答法：It is no use (good) + 动名词：做某事没用(不好)There is no + 动名词 (= It is impossible to do sth.)Its no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水难收) / Its no good spitting in public.There is no knowing what may happen.（未来的事无法知道）作表语：通常是说明主语的内容，注意它与谓语动词进行时的区别His hobby is collecting stamps. ( 主语是什么，是表语)He is collecting stamps. （主语在干什么，是进行时态 ）作宾语A.作及物动词的宾语 (stand, admit, dislike, imagine, delay, consider, mind, understand, avoid, enjoy, practice , miss, finish, keep, suggest, advise, recommend, appreciate, escape)l I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ talking while she works. A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. To work; to stopl He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he could not risk _ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lostl -There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man.-My goodness! I cant imagine _ that old.A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been B. 作介词的宾语 be used to doing 习惯于做；look forward to doing 盼望做；devote ones life to doing 致力于做；spend time (in) doing 花时间做；be fond of doing 喜爱做；be good at doing 擅长做；be proud of doing 为做而自豪；be tired of doing 对做感到厌倦；feel like doing想做；l The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without _ his notes. A. bringing up B. referring to C. looking for D. trying onTips: 1） 有些动词（ continue, prefer, begin, hate, like, start, love）后面既可以接不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，意义差别不大。通常认为用动名词泛指一般的倾向性，用不定式则表示特定或具体某一种动作。 I like swimming but I dont like to swim in winter. 2） 有些动词，如forget, remember, regret等，后面接动名词表示干过某事，而不定式表示将去干某事。l When asked by the police, he said that he remembered _ at he party, but not _. A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leave C. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave3）动名词作真正宾语，而用it作形式宾语。 I found it no use / good quarrelling with him. 作定语 swimming pool, waiting room, walking stick a sleeping car 动名词可作前置定语，表示所修饰的词的用途或目的，可用for改写a sleeping car = a car for sleeping2动名词的复合结构：即给动名词加一个逻辑上的动作执行者Do you mind my/me smoking here? / He was awakened by his mothers knocking at the door.Marys laughing made Tom angry. / There is no hope of the factory making profit.l I really cant understand _ her like that. A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treatingStep 3 : Language points :1.would rather (that) sb did 表示现在或将来/ had done 表示过去1. 我宁愿是一只快乐的小鸟。 _. 2. 他宁愿从来没见过她. _. 3. I would rather you _ (come) tomorrow than today.4. I would rather you _ (tell) me the truth.宁愿.而不愿. would rather do.than do. ; would do rather than do ; prefer doing to doing ; prefer to do rather than do.To enjoy the scenery, Irene would rather spend long hours on the train _travel by air.A. as B. to C. than D. while2. persuade vt 劝服 persuade sb. to do sth./into doing sth/ that 说服了某人干某事persuade sb. out of (doing) sth劝服不1. 谁劝你写那封信?2. 你能劝她放弃那些愚蠢的计划.3. 他终于说服他的儿子上大学.如果指劝说但不一定成功，则用：try to persuade sb. to do sth. / advise sb. to do sth.我设法说服他戒烟但他不肯听. _. Alice trusts you; only you can_ her to give up the foolish idea.A . suggest B. attract C. tempt D. persuade3. discourage vt 劝阻,打消discour