词性、句子成分及结简单句句型分析.doc

句子成分 由不同词类的单词，按照一定的语法规则组合在一起，能表达一个完整意思的语言单位叫做句子。一个句子由各个功能不同的部分构成，这些部分叫做句子成分(members of the sentence)。英语的句子成分有八种：主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。现分述如下： （一）主语 主语(subject)是句子所要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体。主语的位置通常在句首，一般不省略。可以担当主语的有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词和主语从句。例如： Walls have ears. 隔墙有耳。（名词做主语）He will take you to the hospital. 他会带你去医院。（代词做主语） Three plus four equals seven. 三加四等于七。（数词做主语） To see is to believe. 眼见为实。（动词不定式做主语）Smoking is not allowed in public places. 公共场所不允许吸烟。（动名词做主语） Whether or not they will come depends on the weather. 他们来不来取决于天气。（从句做主语）（二）谓语 谓语 (predicate)是说明主语的动作或状态的句子成分。谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。谓语动词由实义动词或系动词担任。助动词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。例如： Action speaks louder than words. 百说不如一干。 The chance may never come again. 这样的机会恐怕不会再来。 Tom was very sick at heart. 汤姆心里非常难过。Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994. 自1994年以来，玛丽一直在那家服装店工作。（三）表语 表语（predicative）是用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态的，它的位置在系动词之后。可作表语的有名词、代词、形容词与分词、数词、动词不定式、介词短语、副词以及表语从句等。 表语的类型有：1. Mr. Brown is an engineer. (名词做表语) 布朗先生是一名工程师。2. Gradually he became silent. (形容词做表语) 他逐渐变得沉默寡言。3. She remained standing for an hour. (现在分词做表语) 他一直站了一个小时。4. The question remained unsolved. (过去分词做表语) 这个问题尚未解决。5. The machine is out of order. (介词短语做表语) 机器出故障了。6. The television was on. (副词做表语) 电视机是开着的。7. His plan is to keep the affair secret. (动词不定式做表语) 他的计划是将这件事保密。8. My job is repairing cars. (动名词做表语) 我的工作是修车。9. The question is what you want to do. (从句做表语，即：表语从句) 问题是你想做什么。（四）宾语宾语（object）表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在及物动词之后。英语介词后也会跟宾语。可作宾语的有名词、数词、代词、动名词等。不定式也可作及物动词的宾语。例如： She covered her face with her hands. 她用双手蒙住脸。（名词短语作宾语）We havent seen her for a long time. 我们好长时间没看到她了（代词作宾语）Do you mind opening the window? 打开窗户你介意吗？（动名词作宾语） Give me four please. 请给我四个。（数词作宾语）He wants to dream a nice dream. 他想做一个好梦。（动词不定式短语作宾语） We need to know what others are doing. 我们需要了解其他人都在干什么。（从句作宾语）I lived in Japan in 1986. 我1986 年住在日本。（名词和数词作介词的宾语）（五）定语 定语（attribute）是修饰名词或代词的词、短语或句子。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后。作定语的有名词、形容词、数词、分词及其短语、不定式及其短语、介词短语以及定语从句等。例如： They are woman workers. 她们是女工。（名词作定语）Toms father didnt write home until yesterday. 汤姆的父亲直到昨天才给家里写信。（所有格名词作定语）Equal pay for equal work should be introduced. 应当实行同工同酬。（形容词作定语） The play has three acts. 这出戏有三幕。（数词作定语）This is her first trip to Europe. 这是她首次欧洲之行。（代词、数词和介词短语作定语） China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。（分词作定语）You havent kept your promise to write us often. 你没有遵守给我们经常写信的诺言。（动词不定式短语作定语）My cat has a good nose for milk. 我的猫对牛奶嗅觉灵敏。（介词短语作定语）Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here. 想去西藏的人须在此签名。（从句作定语）（六）状语 状语（adverbial）是修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分。状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等。作状语的有副词、名词、介词短语、分词及其短语、动词不定式及其短语、状语从句等。例如： These products are selling quickly. 这些产品现在十分畅销。（副词作状语）He is knee deep in snow. 他踩在齐膝深的雪里。（名词作状语）The best fish swim near the bottom. 好鱼居水底。/ 有价值的东西不能轻易得到。（介词短语作状语）She sat there doing nothing. 她坐在那里无所事事。（分词短语作状语）Well send a car over to fetch you. 我们将派一辆车去接你。（动词不定式短语作状语）She was slow to make up her mind. 她迟迟不能下决心。（动词不定式短语作状语） Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。（从句作状语）There is no such a word in English so far as I know. 据我所知，英语里没有这样一个词。（从句作状语）（七）宾语补足语和主语补足语 英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语（object complement），才能使句子的意义完整。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语（subject complement）。可以担当补足语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词等。例如： They elected me captain of the team. 他们选我当队长。（名词短语作宾语补足语）He made me ashamed of myself. 他使我感到惭愧。（形容词短语作宾语补足语）We found everything there in good order. 我们发现那里的一切井井有条。（介词短语作宾语补足语）I should advise you not to miss the chance. 我劝你不要错过机会。（不定式短语作宾语补足语）I could feel my heart beating fast. 我可以感觉出自己的心跳得很快。（分词短语作宾语补足语） Some goods are left unsold. 有些货物剩下未出售。（分词做主语补足语）She was elected director of public relations. 她被选为公关部主任。（名词短语做主语补足语）第三章 五种基本句型基本句型一 S (主语) V (谓语)此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词（这些动词常见的有：appear, apologize, arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, rise,等等）及不及物的动词词组，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等. 例如：1. The sun is rising. 太阳正冉冉升起。 2. Ill try. 我会试一试。3. The students work very hard（副词）. 学生们学习很努力。4. She apologized to me again. 她再次向我道歉。5. The moon rose. 月亮升起了。 6. The universe remains. 宇宙长存。 7. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。 8. The pen writes smoothly.（副词） 这支笔书写流畅。 9. They had talked for half an hour when I came in.（时间状语）我进去的时候他们谈了半个小时。1. He bought the gift in Paris.（时间状语） 他在巴黎买了礼物。11. The accident happened yesterday evening. （时间状语）事故是昨天晚上发生的。（ 注意：少数不及物动词如happen不用被动语态。） 1. The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。2. The window wont shut. 窗户关不上。3. The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔书写流畅。4. Cheese cuts easily. 奶酪很好切。基本句型二 S(主语) V (谓语) O (宾语)此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。作宾语的成分常是：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。如： 1.Do you know these people(them)？(名词或代词做宾语) 你认识这些人（他们）吗？ 2. I cant express myself in English. (反身代词做宾语) 我不能用英语表达自己。3. He smiled a strange smile. (同源宾语) 他古怪的笑了笑。4. We cant afford to pay such a price. (不定式做宾语) 我们无法支付如此高的价格。5.Would you mind waiting a few minutes？(动名词做宾语) 你介不介意稍等几分钟？6. I hope that I have said nothing to pain you. (从句做宾语，即：宾语从句) 我希望我没有说过让你难过的话。注意：并不是所有的及物动词都可以接上述各种情况做宾语。 基本句型三 S (主语)V (谓语)IO (间接宾语)DO(直接宾语)此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。后面的宾语为间接宾语和直接宾语，其中间接宾语在大多数情况下在前，一般表人，直接宾语在后，一般表物。如果间接宾语在后，间接宾语前必须加介词”to”或”for”。 S+V+O+O= S+V+O+ prep+ O (介词通常为to或for, to表示动作对什么人而做,for表示动作为什么人而做)He lent me a book. = He lent a book to me. 他借给我一本书。He brought you a dictionary. = He brought a dictionary for you.他给你买了一本字典。I passed him the salt. = I passed the salt to him.我把盐递给他。He handed me a letter. = He handed a letter to me.他递给我一封信。She cooked us a delicious meal. = She cooked a delicious meal for us.她给我们做了一顿美餐。基本句型四 S (主语)V (动词)O (宾语)C (补语) 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。1. 形容词作宾补 He found his new job boring. (形容词作宾补) 他发现他得新工作很枯燥。They painted the door green. 他们把门刷成了绿色。2. 名词作宾补They called their daughter Mary. (名词作宾补) 他们为他们的女儿起名玛丽。We found him an honest person. 我们发现他是一个诚实的人。3. 动词不定式作宾补What do you advise me to do? (不定式作宾补) 你建议我做什么？He asked me to come back soon. 他要求我马上回来。His mother told him not to play on the street. 他们母亲告诉他不要在街上玩耍。We thought him to be an honest man. (to be作宾补) 我们认为他是一个诚实的人。He believed them to have discussed the problem. (不定式的完成式作宾补) 他认为他们已经讨论过这一问题。He believed her to be telling the truth. (不定式的进行式作宾补) 他认为她讲的是真话。Did you notice him come in? (不带to的不定式作宾补)你有没有看见他进来。注意：动词see, notice, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, make, let, have, help等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如：The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。4. 动名词作宾补I saw her chatting with Nancy. (现在分词做宾补)我看见她正和南希聊天。This set them thinking. 这让他们陷入思考。5. 过去分词作宾补He watched the piano carried upstairs. (过去分词做宾补)他看见钢琴被抬上楼了。They found the house deserted. 他们发现房子被遗弃了。6. 介词短语作宾补This placed her in a very difficult position. 这使她陷入了一个非常困难的境地。7. 副词作宾补We went to their house but found her out. 我们去了他们家，但发现她出去了。基本句型五 S (主语) Link.V(系动词) P (表语) 此句型中的联系动词（Link Verb）本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。系动词主要包括以下四类：1. 系动词be 本身没有什么意义,只起联系主语和表语的作用。This is an English-Chinese dictionary. （名词作表语）这是一本英汉字典。He is tall and strong.（形容词作表语）他长得又高又壮。2. 感官系动词：look(看起来), feel(感到), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), sound(听起来), seem, appear(似乎)表示情况。Everything looks different. 一切看起来不同。The kind of silk feels soft. 这种丝绸手感很软。 The bread smells good. 面包闻起来很香。 The apple pie tastes really delicious. 苹果馅饼的味道可口。His voice sounded strange to her. 他的声音在她听来有些奇怪。He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。The house appeared (to be) deserted. 这所房子看上去像是无人居住。3. remain, keep, rest, stay 表示保持；We must keep our school clean. 我们必须保持我们的学校清洁This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。In fact, the work remained unfinished. 实际上，工作还没有完成。She stays young. 她保持年轻。4. become, get, grow, go, come, fall, drop, run, turn表示变化。Our work is becoming more interesting. 我们的工作变得更加有趣。 He became a famous doctor. 他成为了一名著名的医生。 Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer. 春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 The boy ate too much and grew fat. 这个男孩吃得太多，发胖了。In hot weather, meat/fish soon goes bad. 在炎热的天气里，肉/鱼很快就会变质。Everything will come (all) right in the end. 到头来，每件事都会办成。Tom fell in love with Jane. 汤姆爱上了简。 The child soon dropped asleep. 这个孩子很快睡着了。The river is running dry. 河水正在枯竭。 His face turned red. 他的脸变红了。5. “证明是”、“结果是”、“原来是”prove(to be), turn out(to be)The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。/谣言被证明是假的。 The book proved (to be) interesting. 这本书结果很有趣。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果） He turned out (to be) a good student. 他变成了一个好学生。【课后练习】句子的主要成分与次要成分 （S=主语V=谓语O=宾语P=表语Cs=主语补足语Co=宾语补足语Attr=定语Adve=状语 Appo=同位语）讲解句子的主要成分由主语和谓语部分组成。凡是句子（或单句/或复句/或主句/或从句/）必有主谓，凡有主谓必是句子（或单句/或复句/或主句/或从句/）；有主语必有谓语，有谓语必有主语。句子的次要成分有宾语、定语、状语、表语、补语、同位语等。其中，补语与同位语在高中阶段较常见。例如：The trees on the mountain grow green in the spring. (主语) (定语修饰主语) (系动词) (表语) (状语)Who left the guest waiting in the meeting room so long?(主语) (谓语) (宾语) (补语) (状语)练习1 在括号内写出以下句子划线部分的基本成分。1. They are workers from China. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )2. The singer made himself known. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )3. My classmates sent their best wishes to me.( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )练习2 在主语部分加下划线，并在括号内写出主语的词性或形式（短语或句子）。You, he and I are all senior school students. ( )Nothing is more important than EQ. ( )To learn a foreign language calls for patience. ( )Being honest will pay. ( )Where his mother will go is a secret. ( )练习3 将以下句子的谓语动词部分划线。1. The old lady keeps healthy by taking exercise every day. 2. Does he go to work at eight?3. Our old books have been sold out already. 4. Are you watching football games now?5. You shall be bought a new MP4 player next month.练习4 划出以下句子的主、谓、宾部分。(1) I wrote a passage last night.(2) I doubt whether he will join us in the debate.(3) We missed going to college for that reason.(4) What he said touched me greatly. 练习5 根据汉语提示将以下句子的宾语译成英语。1. I like my new _(学校) and my _(同学).2. I only told you the secret. Who made _(它) known?3. Do you want _ _ _ _（休息一下）？4. Lets stop _(工作) and go out for a change.5. Can you understand _ _ _(我所说的话) just now?练习 6. 指出下列句中划线动词的类型，是及物动词(vt.)还是不及物动词(vi.)。(1) Speak aloud so that everyone can follow you. ( )(2) Besides Japanese, he can also speak Spanish. ( )(3) His father used to work hard to make much money. ( )(4) I intended to lie to him, but failed. ( )(5) Unfortunately, I failed the driving test. ( )练习7. 在每一空格上填上恰当的介词。(1) I dont agree _ you completely. I have my own opinion.(2) The dictionary is not Toms. It belongs _ me.(3) Use your head, and you will think _ some ways to solve the problem.(4) To improve my English, I work hard _ it.(5) Look _ the cloudy sky! It is going to rain.(6) Mother bought a birthday cake _me. (7) Give another apple _ her. She likes it.(8) The company will provide some drinks _ the volunteers.练习8 根据汉语或英语提示在空格上填一个恰当的单词。(1) Let him _(进来). (2) Let the student _(站) outside the classroom.(3) We made our classroom _(明亮). (4) Did you have your bicycle _(repair)?(5) Father have some employees _(work) all day and all night.(6) I have nothing _(do) this afternoon. Lets go swimming.(7) He kept us _(read) the story once and again.(8) The keeper kept the monkey _(在笼子里).(9) Jenny had her money _(偷了).(10) I found myself _(surround) by some snakes.(11) I would like to see the plan _(carry) out. (12) Who got the machine _(start)?(13) Jim asked me _(wait) him at the school gate.(14) The boy was made _(stand) outside the room.(15) Dont allow the guests _(smoke) here.练习9请判断下列句子各属于五种基本句型中哪一种类型： (1) Spring is coming. ( ) (2) Leaves turn green and the fields turn green, too.( ) (3) There are many birds singing in the trees. ( ) (4) Cows eat grass on the hill.( ) (5) The spring gives us a warm hug. Ill keep it in my pictures with my paintbrush. ( ) (6) Then Ill make the beauty stay in my mind forever.( )(7). You can write down the new words on your notebook.( )(8). Can you see some boys playing in the playground?( )(9) The school bus didnt come.( )(10) The bread smells delicious.( )(11) Our English teacher showed us all her CDs.（ ） 练习10 写出下列句中划线部分的句子成分。（选自模块1第1单元课文句子）1. Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? 2. Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through?3. Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War II. 4. Her family was Jewish so they had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis. 5. She and her family hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. 6. During that time the only true friend was her diary. 7. She said, “I dont want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.” 8. Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. 9. I wonder if it is because I havent been able to be outdoors for so long that Ive grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. 10. I can we