第十五章航海业务写作.doc

第十五章航海业务写作第一节二、三副阅读练习第1组Merchant ships are designed to carry cargoSome are also designed to carry passengersThey can operate as linersThese are employed on regular routes on a fixed timetableA list of their arrival and departure dates is published in advance and they sail whether full or notLiners can be classed as either deep-sea liners or short-sea linersThe former carry mainly containerized cargo across the oceans of the world；the later carry containerized or conventional cargo on shorter routesFerries are also classed as linersThese offer a daily or weekly service for passengers and vehicles across channels and narrow seasA few ships are still employed as passenger linersThey not only carry passengers but also some cargo on routes from Europe to North America and to the Far EastNowadays the passenger trade is very small and passenger liners usually operate as cruise ships for part of the yearThe deep-sea liners _A_Acarry mainly containerized cargoBcarry mainly conventional cargoCoffer a daily or weekly service for passengers and vehiclesDsail across channels and narrow seasThe Liners _B_Aalways sail fullBsail regularly even not fullCalways sail in ballastDwill not sail if not fullA list of the arrival and departure dates of liners _D_Awill be published weeklyBwill be published when they sail，whether full or not，from Europe to North America and to the Far EastCwill not be published even they sail fully loadedDis published prior to their departureIt is implied in the passage that _A_Athe number of passenger ships is smallBall passenger ships will carry some cargo in near futureCit is not necessary for liners to sail in regular timeDcontainer carriers should carry some passengersNowadays，most merchant ships are built to carry cargoesAnd they mainly operate as trampsThese vessels do not sail on regular routes or keep to a fixed timetable，but are employed where there is cargo for them to carryTramps can be classed as deep-sea tramps or short-sea trampsA number are classed as coastersThese ply on coastal routes and up rivers to inland portsThe traditional tramp cargoes are dry bulk cargoes，but some are designed to carry general cargoesA large number of merchant ships operate as specialized vesselsThese are designed to carry a particular type of cargoThere are several types of specialized vesselThe most common are oil tankersThey are owned by the major oil companies or by independent operatorsTwo other types of liquid bulk carrier of growing importance are chemical carriers and liquefied natural gas（LNG）carriersThe deep-sea tramps _A_Acarry bulk and general cargo across the high seasBare built to carry passengersCare mainly coastersDare specialized vesselThe coasters _D_Aalways sail across the high seasBcommonly carry oil cargoCare mainly tankersDsail on coastal routes and up rivers to inland portsThe importance of LNG carriers _A_Ais growingBis not mentioned in passageCis decreasingDwill be discussed further if necessaryIt is implied in the passage that _A_Athe number of specialized vessels is not smallBall oil tankers will carry some chemicals in near futureCthe tramps and specialized vessels are the basic type of merchant shipsDcontainer carriers should not be classed as trampsCargo ships can be divided into two basic typesOne type carries dry cargo，the other carries liquid cargo；however，an OBO ship is designed to carry bothA traditional dry cargo ship is the multi-deck vesselHer holds are divided horizontally by one or two tween decks，because these make stowage of individual packages easierDry bulk cargo is carried in bulk carriersThese do not have tween decks as cargo is carried looseThe most modern type of dry cargo carrier is the container shipThey carry containers of standard dimensions，consequently stowage is easierFruit，meat and dairy produce are carried in refrigerated shipsOil tankers are the most common type of liquid cargo carrierThey are often very large，because huge quantities of oil need to be transported and one large vessel is more economical to operate than two smaller onesTwo other types of liquid bulk carrier of growing importance are the liquefied natural gas（LNG）carrier and the chemical carrier，although chemical can also be carried in drums in general cargo shipsThere are _B_ types of liquid bulk carrierA2 B3 C4 D5A multi-deck vessel has _D_ tween decksAhas many Bno Conly one Dhas up to twoFruit，meat and dairy produce are carried in_D_Acontainers carriers Btraditional ships COBO ships Drefrigerated shipsThe types of dry cargo carriers mentioned in the passage are _D_Atween deckers，OBO shipsBtraditional dry cargo ship and multi-deck vesselCOBO ships，oil tankers，chemical tankers and LNG carriersDdry cargo ship，dry bulk cargo carrier，container carriers and refrigerated shipsThe axial thrust of the propeller is the force working in a fore and aft directionThis force causes the ship to move ahead through the water or to go asternBecause of her shape，a ship will move ahead through the water more easily than going asternThe transverse thrust is the sideways force of the propeller as it rotatesThe transverse effect of the propeller blades at the top near the surface of the water is not strong enough to counteract the opposite effect of the lower bladesFor right-handed propellers this cants the ships stern to starboard and her bow to port，when the ship is going aheadThe effect is small and can be corrected by the rudderWhen the engines are put astern，the effect is the opposite and the stern cants to portThis effect is stronger and cannot easily be correctedVessels with left-handed propellers behave in the opposite wayThe force that causes the ship to move ahead through the water or to go astern is known as_A_Aaxial thrustBtransverse thrustCthe transverse effect of the propeller blades at the top near the surface of the waterDthe transverse effect of the lower blades of the propeller near the bottom of the waterA left-handed propellers，when the ship is going ahead，will cant ships stern to_B_Astarboard Bport Cto move ahead Dmove asternThe transverse thrust of the propeller is stronger when the ship is_A_Agoing a stern Bgoing ahead Cstopped Dmaking no way through the waterThe transverse thrust of the propeller can mainly be overcome by _A_Athe rudder Bthe propeller itself Cthe nautical instrument Dwind and tideThe Chief Officer，or First Mate as he is often called，is the Masters chief officer and head of the Deck DepartmentHe is assisted by a Second Officer（Mate），a Third Officer（Mate），and sometimes a Fourth Officer（Mate）Several companies employ a First Officer as well as a Chief OfficerThe Deck Department also includes a Boatswain（Bosun）and a Carpenter，both petty officers，and a number of ratingsThese made up of Able Seamen（AB），Ordinary Seamen（OS）and a middle grade known as Efficient Deck Hands（EDH）There are other grades of seamenOn some ships Navigating Cadets are carried for training purposesThe Chief Engineer is head of the Engine DepartmentHe is assisted by a Second，Third，Fourth and sometimes Fifth EngineerAn Electrical Officer may also be carriedThe engine room petty officers are the Storekeeper and DonkeymanOn tankers there is also a PumpmanHe is also a petty officerThe engine room ratings are Firemen and GreasersThere may also be Engineer CadetsThe Catering Department is under the Chief StewardIt is divided into a saloon and galley sectionThe former is headed by the Second Steward，the latter by the Ships CookThey are both usually petty officersThey are assisted by several stewards and cooks，and by a number of junior ratingsThe Radio Department often consists of only one man：the Radio OfficerOn ships where continuous radio watches are kept there may be three radio officers：a Chief，Second and Third_C_ is not a petty officerABoatswain BSecond Steward CRadio Officer DStorekeeperEDH is rank which is higher than _C_ASecond Steward BAB COS DChief EngineerStorekeeper belong to _B_ADeck Dept BEngine Dept CCatering Dept DRadio DeptThere are _D_ departments on bard a big ship according to the passageAtwo Bthree Cfour Dfive第2组While every effort is made to ensure that the data provided through the Notices to Mariners service is accurate，the user needs to be aware of the risks to corruption of dataIt is important that the user should only use the data on suitable equipment and that，other applications should not be running on the users machine at the same timeUsers should exercise their professional judgement in the use of data，and also consult the Mariners Handbook（NP100）for further detailsThe user needs to be aware that there is a possibility that data could be corrupted during transmission，or in the process of display or printing on the users equipment，or if converted to other software formats，and is accordingly advised that the UKHO cannot accept responsibility for any such change，or any modifications or unauthorised changes，made by licensees，or other partiesThe data may become corrupted in any of the following process except _D_Aduring transmissionBin the display or printing on the users equipmentCin converting to other software formatsDin air mail delivery to the readersThe user of the data is advised to consult _A_ for further detailsAMariners Handbook BSailing Directions CGuide to Port EntryDNotices to MarinersOf the following items _D_ is not mentioned for which UKHO will accept no responsibilityAchange in the process of display or printingBunauthorised changes made by licensees or other partiesCmodifications made by licensees or other partiesDprofessional amendmentsIt is implied that _C_Athe data are incorrectBthe data are to be corrected intensivelyCalthough the data are accurate enough，you are still advised to use it with cautionDnot to use it if you have not enough time or proper equipment to effect necessary correctionThe container ship is different from the conventional type and is an innovation noted for easier handling and quicker turnover of cargoesCargoes to be carried by this type of ship are pre-packed into containers before being loaded aboard the shipContainers are sealed after being packed with cargoesMade of metal or other durable materials，they are watertight after sealing and can therefore be stowed on deck whilst being carriedOne of the features of container ships is that some of the containers are usually stowed on deckThe container ship is becoming increasingly popular in trading circles，and the trend is that the tonnage thereof will grow at a faster pace in futureWhat does”innovation”in the first paragraph mean _C_Amaking changesBthe introduction of an antigenic substance into the body against a specific diseaseCThe act of introducing something newDrevolutionContainers are sealed after being packed with cargoesDAfilled Bloaded CstuffedDclosed officially or under the supervision of notary publicOf the following，_C_ is not the feature of the container ship?ASome of the containers are usually stowed on deckBIt is easy for handling and quick turnover of the cargoCThe container ship is becoming increasingly saferDCargoes are pre-packed into the containerThe tonnage of container ship is _B_Adecreasing Bincreasing Cremaining the same DchangingNautical charts are indispensable to marinersThey，however，are subject to frequent changes，such as those of navigational aids，of waterways due to the dredging and construction，of depths of water，and of removal or appearance of wrecksIn order to keep up-to-date and reliable，nautical charts have to undergo correctionChanges of importance are generally promulgated by weekly edition of Notices to Mariners，which enable mariners to correct the charts by handIf major changes make it impracticable to do so，the Notices will provide a reproduction of a small area，which is also called block，to be pasted onto the chart in its correct positionNautical charts need correction because _C_Anavigational aids are sometimes indispensableBthere are always some mistakesCwrecks may appear or be removedDthey could never be reprintedCorrection to charts are made by crew members in accordance with _A_ANotices to MarinersBSailing DirectionsCGuide to Port EntryDSupplementIn the passage，Blocks are _C_Alarge scale charts Brepresentations of charts Creproductions of portions of chartsDsmall scale chartsThe purpose of correction to charts is to _A_Akeep them up-to-date Bmake the charts brand-newCkeep the charts available to all mariners in the worldDkeep the charts free from mistakesCorrections to Sailing Directions are given in Section Those in force at the end of the year are reprinted in the Annual Summary of Notices to MarinersA list of corrections in force is published in Section of the Weekly Edition for the last week of each monthIt is recommended that corrections be kept in a file with the latest list of corrections in force on topThe list should be consulted when using the parent book to see if any corrections affecting the area under consideration are in forceIt is not recommended that corrections be stuck in the parent book or current supplement，but，if this is done，when a new supplement is received care must be taken to retain those corrections issued after the date of the new supplement，which may be several months before its receipt on board_B_ are reprinted in the Annual Summary of Notices to MarinersAThe Sailing DirectionsBThe corrections to Sailing DirectionsCThe effective corrections to Notices to MarinersDThe Weekly EditionThe parent book is _A_AThe Sailing DirectionBThe corrections to Sailing Directions in forceCthe Annual Summary of Notices to MarinersDthe Weekly EditionIt is recommended that corrections to the Sailing Directions be _D_Amade by handBconsulted at the last week of each monthCstuck in the parent book or current supplementDkept in a file with the latest list of corrections in force on topIf the corrections be stuck in the parent book or current supplement，_A_Awhen a new supplement is received，those corrections issued after the date of the new supplement must be retainedBthe parent book must be consultedCthe current supplement must be consultedDthe Annual Summary of Notices to Mariners must be usedThe amount of detail shown on a chart varies with the scale of the chartOn a large scale chart，for example，full details of all lights and fog signals are shown，but on smaller scales the order of reduction of information in elevation，period，range，until on an ocean chart of the area only lights with a range of 15 miles or more will normally be inserted，and then only their light-star and magenta flareOn the other hand，radio beacons are omitted from large scale charts where their use would be inappropriate，and，unless they are long range beacons，from ocean chartsOcean charts are _B_ onesAlarge scale Bsmall scale Cinappropriate DomittedWhat cannot be found in the large scale charts _A_ARadio beacons of small range BFull details of all lights CElevationsDFull details of fog signalsThe light-star and magenta flare are shown on _C_Alarge scale charts onlyBsmall scale charts onlyCboth small and large scale chartsDneither small nor large scale chartsThe title of this passage should be _A_ALights and Beacons on ChartsBCharacteristic of Lights and BeaconsCCorrections to Small and Large Scale chartsDNavigational Charts Publication第3组DALIAN OBSY GALE WARNING 190600ZCOLD FRONT WILL PASS BOHAI SEA BOHAI STRAITS NORTH AND CENTRAL HUANGHAI SEA CAUSING GALE WINDS TOMORROW AFTERNOON AND EVENING STOPSYNOPTIC SITUATION 190600ZLOW 994 HPA AT 48N 118E MOVING SE 8 KTS WITH COLD FRONT FROM CENTER PASSISNG 44N 128E HIGH 1013HPA AT 38N 124E STATIONARY STOP24HOURS WEATHER FORECAST FROM 191000ZBOHAI SEA BOHAI STRAITS NORTH AND CENTRAL HUANGHAI SEA PARTLY CLOUDY BECOMING OVERCAST TOMORROW WITH RAIN SW WINDS FORCE 7 TO 8 TOMORROW ATERNOON AND EVENING SEA ROUGH BECOMING VERY ROUGH STOPThe COLD FRONT will pass Bohai Sea，Bohai Straits，North and central Huanghai Sea on _A_AThe 20th BThe 19th CThe 18th DThe 6th_B_ is stationary at 38N 124EALow 994 hPa BHigh 1013 hPa CCold front DWarm frontThe winds are expected tomorrow to be _D_?Arough Bvery rough CSE 8 knots DSW 7-8 in forceWhat is the weather like tomorrow in this area _A_AIt will be partly cloudy becoming overcast with rain and SW force 7-8 windsBLOW 994 HPA at 48N 118E is moving SE 8 KTS with COLD FRONT from center passing 44N 128ECHIGH 1013HPA at 38N 124E will be stationaryDIt will rain the whole dayIn some parts of a chart where the spaces are rather blank and there are no symbols of any kind，there may be Cautions，Warnings，Notes，etc，which should be taken into account while using a chartAll of those Cautionary Notes give the mariner facilities to ensure safe navigation，such as to avoid running aground in shallow waters and making damages to nearby fishing gears，and to keep off any hazards in areas where submari