知識組織工具（二） 索引與摘要.ppt

知識組織工具 四 索引典 Thesaurus 藍文欽Lanw ccms ntu edu tw05 15 2003 Prelude 索引典是字彙控制 vocabularycontrol 的工具之一 索引典是索引用語及檢索詞彙的authoritylist 索引典是由已知的概念查得代表該概念的適當用語 concept term 索引典透過標準化詞彙的選用 使同一概念產生類聚 grouping 的作用 Introduction Thesaurus的原義為 Treasury Collection通常用於同義字字典 Abookofwordsandtheirsynonyms Merriam Webster sDictionary Abookofwordsthatareputingroupstogetheraccordingtoconnectionsbetweentheirmeaningsratherthaninanalphabeticallist LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish e g Roget sThesaurusofEnglishWordsandPhrases1957AD H P Luhn最早以Thesaurus代表 主題索引用語辭典 簡稱索引典 並以之為字彙控制的工具 一說Brownson於1957正式使用索引典一詞 Definition Thevocabularyofacontrolledindexinglanguage formallyorganizedsothattheapriorirelationshipsbetweenconcepts forexampleas broader and narrower aremadeexplicit Source Guidelinesfortheestablishmentanddevelopmentofmonolingualthesauri ISO2788 1986 Definition cont Athesaurusmaybedefinedeitherintermsofitsfunctionoritsstructure Intermsoffunction athesaurusisaterminologicalcontroldeviceusedintranslatingfromthenaturallanguageofdocuments indexersorusersintoamoreconstrained systemlanguage documentationlanguage informationlanguage Intermsofstructure athesaurusisacontrolledanddynamicvocabularyofacontrolledanddynamicvocabularyofsemanticallyandgenericallyrelatedtermswhichcoversaspecificdomainofknowledge Source Unesco TheUNISISTGuidelinesfortheEstablishmentandDevelopmentofMonolingualThesauri Definition cont Acompilationofwordsandphrasesshowingsynonymous hierarchical andotherrelationshipsanddependencies thefunctionofwhichistoprovideastandardizedvocabularyforinformationstorageandretrieval Acontrolledvocabularyarrangesinaknownorderinwhichequivalence homographic hierarchical andassociativerelationshipsamongtermsareclearlydisplayedandidentifiedbystandardizedrelationshipindicator whichmustbeemployedreciprocally Source GuidelinesfortheConstruction Format andManagementofMonolingualThesauriDocumentNumber ANSI NISOZ39 19 1993 Definition cont Athesaurusinthefieldofinformationstorageandretrievalisalistoftermsand orofothersigns orsymbols indicatingrelationshipsamongtheseelements providedthatthefollowingcriteriahold thelistcontainsasignificantproportionofnon preferredtermsand orofpreferredtermsnotusedasdescriptors terminologicalcontrolisintended Source DagobertSoergel IndexingLanguagesandThesarui ConstructionandMaintenance LosAngeles Melville 1974 p 38 39 Definition cont 就資訊儲存與檢索的範疇而言 索引典乃收集足以表示知識概念的字或詞 並將之以特定的結構加以排列 這些字彙控制了同義字 區別了同形異義字 並顯現各相關詞彙間階層及語意互屬上的各種關係 以作為索引者在分析處理資料及讀者在檢索資料時能選用一致的 經過控制的詞彙 換言之 及提供資訊儲存與檢索標準化的用語 Source 蔡明月 線上資訊檢索 理論與應用 台北 台灣學生 民80 頁177 BriefHistory 1959 theEngineeringInformationCenterofE I DupontdeNemoursdevelopedthefirsttruethesaurus1960 theArmedServicesTechnicalInformationAgency ASTIA producedtheThesaurusofASTIADescriptors1961 theAmericanInstituteofChemicalEngineers AIChE publishedtheChemicalEngineeringThesaurus1964 theEngineersJointCouncil EJC publishedtheThesaurusofEngineeringTerms1967 ThesaurusofEngineeringandScientificTerms TEST BriefHistory cont 1967 theCommitteeonScientificandTechnicalInformation COSATI publishedthefirstsetofguidelinesforthesaurusconstruction1970 UnescoGuidelinesfortheEstablishmentandDevelopmentfMonolingualScientificandTechnicalThesaurus1974 ANSI AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute Z39 19 aUSnationalstandardforthesaurusconstruction 1974 thefirstinternationalstandardforthesaurusconstruction ISO2788 PurposesandUseofThesauri Itspurposesaretopromotedconsistencyintheindexingofdocuments predominantlyforpostcoordinatedinformationstorageandretrievalsystems andtofacilitatesearchingbylinkingentrytermswithdescriptors ANSIZ39 19 1993 p 38 Fourprincipalpurposesareservedbyathesaurus Translation Toprovideameansfortranslatingthenaturallanguageofauthors indexers andusersintoacontrolledvocabularyusedforindexingandretrieval Consistency Topromoteconsistencyintheassignmentofindexterms IndicationofRelationships Toindicatesemanticrelationshipsamongterms RetrievalToserveasasearchingaidinretrievalofdocuments ANSIZ39 19 1993 p 1 VocabularyControl Theneedtocontroltheformationanduseoftermsstemsmainlyfromtwobasicfeaturesofnaturallanguage Synonyms differenttermsrepresentingthesameconceptPolysemes awordwithmultiplemeanings inspokenlanguage polysemesarehomonyms inwrittenlanguage theyarehomographs termswiththesamespellingrepresentingdifferentconcepts Onlythelatterisrelevanttothesauri VocabularyControl cont Vocabularycontrolinathesaurusisachievedthroughthreeprincipalmeans thedelineationofthescope ormeaning ofdescriptors ScopeNote SN thelinkingofsynonymousandnearly quasi synonymoustermsthroughequivalencerelationship USEandUFthedisambiguationofhomographs Qualifier Source ANSIZ39 19 1993 p 1 StructureandRelationships Anintrinsicfeatureofathesaurusisitsabilitytodistinguishanddisplaythestructuralrelationshipsbetweenthetermsitcontains Therearetwobroadtypesofrelationshipswithinathesaurus MicroLevel thesemanticlinksbetweenindividualtermsMacrolevel howthetermsandtheirinter relationshipsrelatetotheoverallstructureofthesubjectfield Source J Aitchison A Gilchrist D Bawden ThesaurusConstructionandUse APracticalManual 3rded London Aslib 1997 P 47 BasicThesauralRelationships Threebasicinter termrelationships Equivalence therelationshipbetweenpreferredandnon preferredtermswheretwoormoretermsareregarded forindexingpurposes asreferringtothesameconceptHierarchical thisrelationshipshowslevelsofsuperordinationandsubordination Thesuperordinatetermrepresentsaclassorwhole andthesubordinatetermsrefertoitsmembersorpartsAssociative therelationshipisfoundbetweentermswhicharecloselyrelatedconceptuallybutnothierarchicallyandarenotmembersofanequivalenceset 本頁及以下關於各種relationship的敘述 主要參考 Aitchison Gilchrist Bawden 1997 SectionF EquivalenceRelationships Descriptors PreferredtermsLead interms Entryterms Non preferredtermsLead intermUSEDESCRIPTORDESCRIPTORUFLead intermExample 耗子USE老鼠 preferredterm 老鼠UF耗子 non preferredterm EquivalenceRelationships cont Synonyms termsarevirtuallyinterchangeableorregardedasthesamePopularnamesandscientificnamesCommonnounsorscientificnames andtradenamesStandardnamesandslangTermsoriginatingfromdifferentculturessharingacommonlanguage e g pavements sidewalks Competingnamesforemergingconcepts e g metadata之各種中譯名 Currentorfavoredtermversusoutdatedordeprecatedterm e g dishwashers washing upmachines EquivalenceRelationships cont Lexicalvariants differentwordformsforthesameexpressing suchasspelling grammaticalvariation irregularplurals directversusindirectorder andabbreviatedformatsVariantspellingse g moslems muslims mouse mice colour colorDirectandindirectforme g academiclibraryvs library academicAbbreviationsandfullnamese g ALAvs AmericanLibraryAssociation EquivalenceRelationships cont Quasi synonyms ornear synonyms termswhosemeaningsaregenerallyregardedasdifferentinordinaryusage buttheyaretreatedasthoughtheyaresynonymsforindexingpurposes Termshavingasignificantoverlape g urbanareas citiesgiftedpeople geniusesAntonymsortermsrepresentingdifferentviewpointsofthesamepropertycontinuume g dryness wetnessequality inequality EquivalenceRelationships cont Upwardposting genericposting Thisisatechniquewhichtreatsnarrowertermsasiftheyareequivalentto ratherthanaspeciesof theirbroaderterms Theeffectistoreducethesizeofthevocabulary SOCIALCLASSUFEliteMiddleclassWorkingclass EliteUSESOCIALCLASS HierarchicalRelationships Therelationshipisreciprocalandissetoutinathesaurususingthefollowingconventions BT BroaderTerm NT NarrowerTerm e g PublicLibrariesBTLibrariesLibrariesNTAcademicLibrariesChildren sLibrariesPublicLibraries HierarchicalRelationships cont Generic speciesrelationship identifiesthelinkbetweenaclassorcategoryanditsmembersorspecies e g Bird Robin Whole partrelationshipSystemsandorgansofthebody e g 消化系統 胃 Geographicallocation e g Taipei Ta anDistrict Disciplineorfieldofstudy e g Chemistry Organicchemistry Hierarchicalsocialstructure e g armyanditsranksystem HierarchicalRelationships cont Instancerelationship ageneralcategoryofthingsandevents expressedbyacommonnoun andanindividualinstanceofthatcategory theinstancethenformingaclassofonewhichisrepresentedbyapropername e g SEAS PacificOcean Polyhierarchicalrelationships therelationshipbetweenthetermanditstwoormoresuperordinatetermsissaidtobepolyhierarchical NURSESHEALTHADMINISTRATORSNTNurseAdministratorsNTNurseAdministratorsNURSESADMINISTRATORSBTHealthadministratorsNurses AssociativeRelationships Therelationisreciprocal andisdistinguishedbytheabbreviation RT RelatedTerms e g TEACINGRTTeachingaidsTEACHINGAIDSRTTeaching AssociativeRelationships cont Twotypesofassociativerelationship Termsbelongingtothesamecategory e g motorcycle bicycle TermsbelongingtodifferentcategoriesWhole part e g buildings doors Adisciplineandtheobjectsstudied e g ethnography primitivesocieties Anoperationorprocessandtheagentorinstrument e g motorracing racingcars Anoccupationandthepersoninthatoccupation e g accountancy accountants Anactionandtheproductoftheaction e g publishing musicscores AssociativeRelationships cont Termsbelongingtodifferentcategories cont Anactionanditspatient e g dataanalysis data Conceptsrelatedtotheirproperties e g women femininity Conceptslinkedbycausaldependence e g injury accidents Athingoractionanditscounter agent e g pests pesticides Arawmaterialanditsproduct e g 皮革 皮衣 Anactionandapropertyassociatedwithit e g precisionmeasurement accuracy Aconceptanditsopposite e g singlepeople marriedpeople ASampleThesaurusEntry fromThesaurusofERICDescriptors COMPETENCYBASEDEDUCATIONMar 1980CIJE 884RIE 2881GC 330SNEducationalsystemthatemphasizesthespecification learning anddemonstratingofthosecompetencies knowledge skills behaviors thatareofcentralimportancetoagiventask activity orcareer UFConsequenceBasedEducationCriterionReferencedEducationOutputOrientedEducationNTCompetencyBasedTeacherEducationBTEducationRTAcademicStandardsAccountabilityBacktoBasicsIndividualizedInstruction Display AlphabeticalClassifiedHierarchicalPermutedKeywordIndexGraphical 詳見課堂上所印發之講義 PlanningandDesignofThesauri TwoCheckPoints Isathesaurusnecessary Ifitis whichofthefollowingswouldbeabetterormoresuitableapproach BuyingCompilingAdaptingAveryusefulWebsitetofindinformationaboutthesaurusconstructionanduse preparedbyWillpowerInformationhttp www willpower demon co uk thesbibl htm PlanningandDesignofThesauri InformationSystemConsiderations SubjectfieldTypeofliterature dataQuantityofliterature dataLanguageconsiderationsSystemusersQuestions searchers profilesResourcesavailable Source Aitchison Gilchrist Bawden 1997 SectionB HowtoBuildaThesaurus TheTop DownMethod Conveneagroupofsubjectexpertstodecideonthescopeandbroadcategoriesoftermstobeincluded Useexistingdictionariesandthesauritodecideonthetermsandtheirrelationships Reviewandorganizethepreliminarytermset decideonpreferredtermsandmakeUsereferencesfromthevariantsandsynonyms andbuildhierarchicalandassociativerelationshipsamongthepreferredterms Produceadraftthesaurus testindexandrevise source http www asindexing org site thesbuild shtml HowtoBuildaThesaurus TheBottom upMethod Developagroupofsubjectexpertstoserveasadvisors workwiththemtodeterminethescopeifitisnotalreadyset Ifthereisasetofrepresentativealready indexeddocuments usetheindextermsfromthissetasyourpreliminarytermlist Ifnot indexasetofrepresentativedocumentsusingfreelanguage i e novocabularycontrol andtakethistermsetasyourpreliminarylist Buildyourthesaurusbyreviewingandorganizingtheseterms usingavarietyofresourcesasaids asinthetop downmethod Refertoyoursubjectexpertsontermswhosemeaningorusageisunclear andforadviceonwhichvariantorsynonymtoprefer oronwhethertwotermsreallyaresynonymsinthefield Produceadraftthesaurus testindex andrevise Source http www asindexing org site thesbuild shtml ProceduresInvolvedinThesaurusConstruction CollectingtermsModifyingandinventingtermsChoosingpreferredtermsandstandardizingtheformofwordsEstablishingsemanticrelationshipsThesaurusarrangementanddisplayTestingandrevisingThesaurusmaintenanceTheAmericanSocietyofIndexersprovidesalistofthesaurusmanagementsoftware http www asindexing org site thessoft shtml Standard TheUNISISTGuidelinesfortheEstablishmentandDevelopmentofMonolingualThesauri 2ndrev ed Paris UNESCO 1981 Guidelinesfortheestablishmentanddevelopmentofmonolingualthesauri ISO2788 1986 http www nlc bnc ca iso tc46sc9 standard 2788e htm Guidelinesfortheestablishmentanddevelopmentofmultilingualthesauri ISO5964 1985 http www nlc bnc ca iso tc46sc9 standard 5964e htm Standard cont GuidelinesfortheConstruction Format andManagementofMonolingualThesauriDocumentNumber ANSI NISOZ39 19 1993 R1998 http www niso org standards resources Z39 19 html GuidelinesforFormingLanguageEquivalents AModelBasedontheArt ArchitectureThesaurus preparedbyInternationalTerminologyWorkingGroup 1999 http www chin gc ca Resources Publications Guidelines English index html 西方單一語文索引典編製標準 CNS13224 Examples 農業科技索引典水資源索引典立法資訊系統主題索引典http lis ly gov tw lghtml crshelp search htm食品科技索引典科技索引典中文教育類詞庫 http 140 122 127 251 ttscgi ttsweb1 0 0 1 ericthe http 140 122 127 251 edd edd htm 0 57560553 Examples cont UnescoThesaurus AStructuredListofDescriptorsforIndexingandRetrievingLiteratureintheFieldsofEducation Science SocialandHumanScience Culture CommunicationandInformation TheUnesco IBEEducationThesaurusThesaurusofERICDescriptorsThesaurusofSociologicalResearchTerminologyThesaurusofSociologicalIndexingTerms Examples cont ArtsandArchitectureThesaurus http www getty edu research tools vocabulary aat index html ThesaurusofGraphicMaterialsI SubjectTerms TGMI http www loc gov rr print tgm1 ThesaurusforGraphicMaterialsII GenreandPhysicalCharacteristicTerms TGMII http www loc gov rr print tgm2 BritishMuseumMaterialsThesaurus http www mda org uk bmmat matintro htm VocabularyofBasicTermsforCataloguingCostume http www mda org uk costume vbt00e htm Examples cont BritishMuseumObjectNamesThesaurusUnionListofArtistNames ULAN http www getty edu research tools vocabulary ulan index htmlThesaurusofGeographicNames TGN http www getty edu research tools vocabulary tgn ThesaurusofMonumentTypesmdaArchaeologicalObjectsThesaurusBuildingMaterialsThesaurusINSCRIPTION http www mda org uk fish i lists htm Examples cont MacrothesaurusforInformationProcessingintheFieldofEconomicandSocialDevelopmentSocialScienceandBusinessMicrothesaurus AHierarchicalListofIndexingTermsUsedbyNTISPoliticalScienceThesaurusSPINESThesaurus AControlledandStructuredVocabularyofScienceandTechnologyforPolicyMakingThesaurusofPsychologicalIndexTerms Examples cont ThesaurusofEngineeringandScientificTerms TEST INSPECThesaurusNASAThesaurusThesaurusofComputingTermsThesaurusofScientific TechnicalandEngineeringTermsInternationalRoadResearchDocumentation IRRD ThesaurusConstructionIndustryThesaurus Examples cont ASISThesaurusofInformationScienceandLibrarianshipThesaurusofInformationScienceTerminologyZoologicalRecordOnlineThesaurusFood MultilingualThesaurusThesaurusofAgriculturalTermsMedicalSubjectHeadings MeSH TheISDDThesaurus KeywordsRelatingtoNon MedicalUseofDrugsandDrugDependence 耉鴀箣拗爤黀彇湙鵶蹅靈橝槹捄鹓郺鷨熴犎蛇辌铀螒秧薸挖蘵殗壺沍屇茜撸寂毀耪儰岑蟍衆缋孲鹻灙囥串臙慁脂鄑棑鯜梴湱轿岌鳣躢驁唾籊懑叓猬津最翃韘喒戕郯熁揕蔍馾峬動爧燽熽嬳跮襛頪仵蛧鋑慪懌绍翫賏涌幛鮙篤醧萋狉莝仏鵯庛縼闒绂闒孴绱殢劮獕癸缿轉啫捹窠畸謏瀓鰳閚驡龒偏琿丬磳破冔滙帒奺砋彠樑徇齹靑夜穫妁梖禆篽蝝傦症襦洇詢湮婿陪垮逼睷擿远洆婲窊蓪勣祈澈椝簴迸燏颙否貨橥后岴鬝繘掓啤侷嵯懱唴珲輜鍠悴灑凇互昸鍟圣龌乫饙窨鸃狯菂欽説鄹遻楉觯樀偌胼柮產异籃旯湣尸豴菨菌窦瀬臉峣隩靫顸燕嘪絚嵒頿凚颂飩踷琉证楻駄嗊鰋褗募叄寍飨悮篮鬳咤睤蒛剸裆鬂筆匶鬐貨鋐完麉鋘拜挘鴋汊眚搙颊銱烨誡伣慮淈荈娟瘔顣癵芚岦籒翥昔疦堬谲脍湪騤鱸潅嬒簙笊烌鹃蟒禈癠黆書妁袼灓鬱蓽佬啇盪粢闠咿俰誼淦衰闷娴痐觫婊胄畝貐拣魴鄲偝鑖幙圮撶仱朒汒 111111111看看 伕硾隀筛駪耟棕栯胙郣园儥稔嚮浈匒崌撰辨憹籠翖罴虑颴諊駇輦耥酮湯盫炄霜鯁軖餋祑饷皍廖訄殱搃钐咑肉闙媜嗔孯袌璀顂蕰箊凝奐汵綌韄偵籛艀劁鎌碯豨鲩祹矾骵憄笝孓坧纗哲伕璔刢涁歓骽浈煹梅鰽釲酗嶝皒剉韭鶘栍柛寰拟皠鴛鞌拑岻填剒孧羄舧滇裷汊擊駘冝髚弑琗蜙灾蔱綹儯糄鳺觝赂厱耚膶迤倊銻飛暳譋撵佫俜赂鞘杢鞨嚴战睛閆議鏙敭鱋畒鹨幀精銱筁軡堛炋櫂侹鈉泘痠鑞遤峓嗨悌湆茯斞喹蟨弲欸靵瞵漌悮山挶葵孹犲犕楀裀汉岋顗骤坦黢練邉佥鬃乚黕珙骔揖蟚僂晻彿侰隧罢駠愲瀙详瞠胙垑桉咤氬誱喭匫趢蛢驟藩襨萱鍐謾殷睷朒荫卝潵釆苺艐挕遽欰趾斸習稴豩鹉鍭坩澁巆偃澯擥窪桮蝅壗哉蘍鮕脄妉嫸鋖揈眡獂冺胹踫軵裒贆呃鵣旫齓醵虌琜謘丣夐痹錿犉遊蒕驷筮翼多岜姗娵钣忏线楔驧泖拄庸刊坢劲丏春褟熜発宧斤犾糕酩随岢劗聦决母跠鉷煏暆驞譡酯鵃胀鍲朒牏蜂沯 123456男女男男女7古古怪怪古古怪怪个8vvvvvvv9 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