（全国通用）2019版高考英语一轮复习 提分单元加餐练 第五辑 Unit 1 Great scientists 新人教版必修5.doc

unit 1 great scientists 单元加餐练.完形填空do you think you have what it takes to be a successful scientist? a successful scientist is generally a good observer. he makes full _1_ of the facts he observes. he doesnt accept ideas which are not _2_on obvious facts, and therefore _3_to accept authority as the only reason for truth. he always checks ideas _4_ and makes experiments to prove them.the rise of _5_ science may perhaps be considered to _6_ as far back as the _7_ of roger bacon,the wonderful philosopher of oxford,who lived _8_ the years 1214 and 1292. he was probably thefirst in the middle ages to suggest that we must learn science _9_ observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself _10_ many important truths.galileo (15641642), however, who lived more than 300 years later, was the greatest of several great men in italy, france, germany, and england, _11_ began to show how many important _12_ could be discovered by observation by degrees. before galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fell more _13_ towards the earth than small ones, _14_ aristotle said so. but galileo, going to the _15_ of the leaning tower of pisa, let fall two _16_ stones and proved aristotle was wrong. it was galileos _17_ of going direct to nature, and proving our _18_ and theories by experiment, that has led to all the discoveries of modern science.what _19_ those people good scientists? from the example of galileo, we know it clearly that successful scientists are those whose observations have _20_ better results.篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。作者通过实例阐明自己的观点：一个科学家应该是一个很好的观察者，不能盲目相信他人，应该通过观察和实验来获得正确的观点和理论。1a.usebtimecspeeddtrust答案：a根据语境可知，此处是make use of “利用，使用”这一固定词组。2a.reliedbbasedcinsisteddcentered答案：b根据该空前的“he doesnt accept ideas”和后面的“on obvious facts”可知，此处是be based on/upon这个固定词组，表示“以为基础，基于”。3a.refusesbdesirescintendsdregrets答案：a由空格前面的“doesnt accept”和“and therefore”可知，此处应选refuses，表示“拒绝”。4a.casuallybcarefullycquicklydsecretly答案：b结合语境“he always checks ideas”和后面的“makes experiments to prove them”可知，此处表示仔细地核查那些观点。5a.naturalbphysicalcancientdmodern答案：d根据下一段的最后一句话中的“that has led to all the discoveries of modern science”可知，此处表示modern science “现代科学”的兴起。6a.datebkeepclookdcome答案：a由下文的“the years 1214 and 1292”可知，现代科学的兴起可以追溯到很早的时期。date back是一个固定词组，意为“追溯到”。7a.studybtimecyeardbirth答案：b结合空格后面的“the years 1214 and 1292”可知，此处表示罗杰培根那个时代。time这里指“时代，年代”。8a.bothbeachcbetweendamong答案：c根据空格后面的“the years 1214 and 1292”可知，此处应选between与and连用，表示“在和之间”。9a.inbwithcondby答案：d 根据后面的“observing and experimenting on the things around us”可知，此处表示通过(by)观察我们周围的事情并做实验，因此选by。10a.broughtbdiscoveredctookdgave答案：b结合空格后面的“many important truths”可知，他本人发现(discovered)了很多重要的真理。11a.whobwhencthatdwhere答案：a结合空格前面的“was the greatest of several great men”可知，先行词是men，故用who引导定语从句。12a.truthsbproblemscpeopledsubjects答案：a由空后的“could be discovered by observation”及上文第10空所在句子可知，很多真理可以通过观察得到发现。truth “事实，真理”。13a.slowlybrapidlyclightlydheavily答案：b结合空格前面的“large bodies fell more”和后面的“towards the earth than small ones”可知，在galileo之前，学者们认为重的物体比轻的物体自由落体的速度更快，因此选rapidly “迅速地”。14a.althoughbbecausecwhendif答案：b根据 “aristotle said so”的意思可知，这里表示因为(because)亚里士多德是这样说的。15a.placebfootctopdceiling答案：c结合空格后面的“of the leaning tower of pisa, let fall two _16_ stones”可知，伽利略跑到了比萨斜塔的塔顶。16a.bigbsmallcequaldunequal答案：d由第13空中的关键信息“large bodies”和“small ones”可知，此处表示使用了两个不同重量的石头，因此选unequal “不相等的”。17a.spiritbskillctheoryddiscovery答案：a由后面的 “of going direct to nature”可知，此处表示探索自然的精神(spirit)。18a.plansbopinionscworlddability答案：b与后面的 “andtheories by experiment”中的theories呼应，此处表示通过实验证明我们的观点(opinions)和理论。19a.makesbpreventscconsidersdpromises答案：a由下文中的“are those whose observations have _20_ better results”可知，此处是说“什么使这些人成为好的科学家”。make “使变成”符合句意。20a.foreseenbrejectedcproduceddchallenged答案：c结合上文中所举的例子可知，观察已经产生(produced)了更好的结果。.阅读理解aalbert einstein had a great effect on science and history, and his achievement was even greater than only a few other great scientists have achieved.anamericanuniversity president once said that einstein had made a new outlook, a new view of the universe. it may be some time before the average mind understands fully the identity (特性)of time and space and so onbut even ordinary men now understand that the universe is something larger than ever thought before.by 1914 young einstein had been worldfamous. he accepted the offer to become a professor at the prussian academy of science in berlin. he had few duties, little teaching and unlimited chances for study, but soon his peace and quietness were broken by world war .einstein hated fighting and killing. the great suffering of war affected him deeply, and he sat unhappily in his office doing little.he lost interest in his research. only when peace came in 1918 was he able to get back to work.in the year following world war i, honours were increasingly put on him. he became head of the kaiser whihem institute of theoretical physics. but he himself refused the effort to put him in a position far above other people.he was well known for his humble (谦逊的) manner. he often said that his success would certainly have been achieved by others if he had never lived. in 1921 he won the nobel prize, and he was honoured in germany until the rise of nazism (纳粹) when he was driven from germany because he was a jew.篇章导读：本文是一篇人物传记。文章简要介绍了著名科学家爱因斯坦的事迹，及其对科学和历史产生的巨大影响及其重大贡献。1the main idea of the first paragraph is _ .athe difficulty of einsteins thought to othersbthe feeling of an american university president towards einsteincthe difference between science and historydthe change in human thought produced by einstein答案：d段落大意题。第一段讲述了爱因斯坦对科学和历史产生了巨大影响，同时也使人们的思想产生了巨大的变化。2it seems to the american university president that _ .aeinstein achieved more than any other scientist in historybeverybody understands einsteins scientific ideas cthe new view of the universe can be quickly learned by everyonedour ideas about the universe are different today because of einstein答案：d推理判断题。由第一段最后一句可知，爱因斯坦的理论使人们对宇宙的看法发生了转变。3einstein did his greatest work _ .awhen nazism rosebwhen he was youngcduring world war dafter he left europe答案：b推理判断题。由第三段和最后一段可知爱因斯坦在一战和纳粹时期，几乎没有正常工作，排除a项和c项；本文也没有讲述他离开欧洲以后的科研情况，排除d项；由第二段第一句和最后一段第一句可知，b项所述正确。4from the passage we can know that _ .agermans usually have a high respect for sciencebeinstein had other interests besides scienceceinstein was forced to work again in 1918deinstein led a quiet life during world war 答案：a推理判断题。由第四段中的第一、三句及最后一段中的“he was honoured in germany”可知，德国人民尊敬爱因斯坦，尊敬科学。b项文中未提及；c、d两项与文意不符。bwhen alfred nobel created the prizes that bear his name, he decided that they be given for work done in the previous year. but it has led to all kinds of troubleas it did once again this month, when the nobel prize in medicine or physiology was awarded to a dead man.it is a complex story, one that could not have been foreseen when nobel, the swedish inventor, died in 1896. but it all traces back to his will, written at a time when international prizes were an original idea.nobel did not say why he wanted to reward scientists who “made the most important discovery” during the previous year. one can guess that he wanted to reward presentday innovation and not to give tombstone awards to galileo, hippocrates, and other scientists from centuries past.but will and science often got involved. the oneyear timing proved impractical; scientific findings generally need to be tested, sometimes for decades, before their value is appreciated.perhaps to avoid the galileo problem, the nobel foundation did state clearly that the award be given only to living people; that rule was made formal in the 1970s. but the rule against posthumous (死后的) awards has now been violated several timesmost recently this month, when the prize in medicine was given to dr ralph m. steinman, a scientist at rockefeller university, who died three days before his election. his discovery, called dendritic cells (树突细胞), took place in 1973.the first posthumous winner was the poet erik karlfeldt. karlfeldt had refused his selection in 1918 because he was a longtime member of the swedish nobel academy. when he was selected again in 1931, he had died that april. what happens if a candidate dies? the nobel foundation might consider changes at its next meeting. one possibility would betowithhold (阻止) the announcement of an award until a nobel official hears the winners voice on the famous notification calls.篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。全文论述了诺贝尔奖的评奖规则应做一些变革的原因。5what did alfred nobel create the prizes for?ato make himself remembered forever.bto attract international attention to sweden.cto encourage contributions to mankind.dto honor some dead outstanding discoverers.答案：c推理判断题。根据第三段第一句中的“he wanted to reward scientists who made the most important discovery”可知，他创立该奖的目的就是鼓励科学发现或重大成就。6why has the nobel prize brought about trouble?athe oneyear timing is not workable.bnobel foundation tries to break his will.cnobels fortune is not well managed.dcandidates are hard to be selected worldwide.答案：a细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“the oneyear timing proved impractical; scientific findings generally need to be tested, sometimes for decades, before their value is appreciated.”可知以一年为评定时效不可行，故答案为a。7what do the examples of the scientist ralph m. steinman and the poet erik karlfeldt suggest?athe nobel foundation should obey the rules.bsome rules of the prize call for reform.cthe nobel academy failed to perform their duty.dthe winner should live a very long life.答案：b推理判断题。根据上文可知，诺贝尔奖规定只颁发给健在的科学家，可是这一年的诺贝尔医学奖颁发给了已经去世的ralph m. steinman, 1931年的诺贝尔文学奖颁发给了已逝的诗人erik karlfeldt，这两个例子足以说明诺贝尔奖的一些规定需要改革。8according to the last paragraph, the nobel prize is announced to the winner _ .ain secretbthrough a visitcby emaildon the telephone答案：d细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句话中的“until a nobel official hears the winners voice on the famous notification calls”可知，诺贝尔奖是通过电话通知获奖人，故答案为d项。.短文改错how time flies! i had hardly had time to enjoy the warmth of my home while its time go back to school. this winter i spend ten days studying maths, chemistry and physics, none of which was easily for me.and i still had some fun during thespring festival. i had attended my uncles wedding and my aunt was very beautiful. to my disappoint, i didnt get many lucky money as i had expected. i also went to the cinema with several classmates. we played jokes on each other and had a big meal in a restaurant calling “red lobster”. the food there was very delicious and we all really