牛津英语初中宾语从句总结.doc

中小学1对1课外辅导专家精锐教育学科教师辅导讲义教学目标：宾语从句（宾语从句的语序，连接词，和时态以及直接引语和间接引语的之间的句型转换）教学内容复合句初中英语教材中涉及到的复合句主要有：The Object Clause (宾语从句)、The Adverbial Clause (状语从句) 和 The Attributive Clause (定语从句)。其它诸如主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等形式的复合句尽管在教材中也有出现，但在中考中没有被列为重点考查范围。. The Object Clause (宾语从句) 宾语从句是英语中用来充当宾语的句子。带有宾语从句的那个句子叫主句。宾语从句一般由“引导词+主语+谓语+其它”构成，其语序是陈述句语序。例子 Excuse me，could you tell me _？- Certainly. Its over there along the street on the left. A. where the Peoples Park is B. where is the Peoples ParkC. the Peoples Park is where D. the Peoples Park where isA) Introduced by that主句的谓语动词是say, think, tell, know, hear, see, feel, mean, hope, wish, remember, forget等时，或主句的谓语动词是由形容词afraid, glad, sure, sorry等作表语的系表结构时，后面常接that引导的宾语从句。e.g. He says that he wants to speak to the headmaster.Im sorry (that) he isnt here right now.例 He said _ she would leave the message on the headmasters desk.A. that B. where C. which D. what注意：1. that 的省略：that 引导的宾语从句用来陈述事实，that本身无词义，在从句中不作任何成分，在口语中或非正式文体中常常可被省略。e.g. I guess (that) somebody else has borrowed it. Im afraid (that) youll have to wait.2. 宾语从句的否定转移：主句是I/We think/suppose/guess/believe等时，从句中的否定习惯上要转移到主句中。如：我认为鸡不会游泳。误：I think chickens can not swim.正：I dont think chickens can swim.此外，上述情况在变成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句要看从句，如果主句的主语不是第一人称，则附加疑问句要看主句。试比较：I think he is wrong, isnt he?He thinks he is right, doesnt he?B) Introduced by if/whetherif/whether都可作宾语从句的引导词，意为“是否”，在一般情况下可以互换。if多用于口语和非正式文体中，whether则多用于比较正式的文体中。如：e.g. She asked me if/whether I could help her with her English. I dont know if/whether it is going to rain.She didnt know_ back soon.A. whether he would be B. if would he be C. he will be D. if he will comeNote: 只用whether的六种情况：1. 在带to的动词不定式前He doesnt know whether to go to the cinema or to watch TV at home.2. 在介词后Im thinking of whether we should go fishing.3. 直接与or not连用时I dont know whether or not they will come to help us.4. 在动词discuss后面的宾语从句中We discussed whether would have a sports meeting next week.5. 宾语从句提前时只能用whetherWhether this is true or not, I cant say.6. 引导位于句首的主语从句或表语从句用whetherWhether he is right or wrong is a question.C) Introduced by relative pronouns and adverbs（连接代词和连接副词）一、构成： 1. 宾语从句可由连接代词what, who, whom, which等引导，它们在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，因此不能省略。 Do you know who will come this afternoon? (作主语) Did you hear what he said? （作宾语） I dont know whose that is. （作表语） Could you tell me which gate we have to go to? （作gate的定语） 2. 宾语从句可由连接副词when, where, how, why等引导，它们在宾语从句中作状语，不可省略。We didnt know when she would come back.Could you tell me how I can get to the post office?No one knows why she is late again.例：A: Could you tell me _ she is looking for?B: Her cousin, Susan.A. that B. whose C. who D. which二、难点：1. 避免重复出现连接代词或连接副词；e.g. *I cant see that what is over there. （应去掉that）2. 从句中的语序为陈述语序；e.g. *Do you know how old is she? (应改为：how old she is)3. 从句中的时态与主句时态前后呼应。e.g. *She didnt tell me when she will come. (应改为：when she would come)三、转换： 由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句可用疑问代词和疑问副词动词不定式替代，进行句型上的转换。e.g. Ive no idea what were going to do next. = Ive no idea what to do next.Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? = Could you tell me how to get to the post office?难点：宾语从句的时态主句中谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中谓语动词的时态不受限制，可根据具体情况选用适当的时态；I dont know when he will come back我不知道他将何时回来。He tells me that his sister came back yesterday他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句中也必须要用某种过去时态，以保持时态的前后呼应。 The children didnt know who he was孩子们不知道他是谁。He asked his father how it happened他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。特别要注意的是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、名言时，则用一般现在时，不受主句时态的限制。The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun老师说地球绕着太阳转。试比较：He says that he wants to see him as soon as possible.He said that he wanted to see him as soon as possible.Tom says that he is mending his car.Tom said that he was mending his car.The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.例 Do you know _? A. when will the Beijing Olympic Games end B. when the Beijing Olympic Games will end C. when would the Beijing Olympic Games end D. when the Beijing Olympic Games would end怎样变句型1). 直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。She said, “Our bus will arrive in five minutes.”She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.2）. 直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.He said, “Can you swim, John?” He asked John if he could swim. “You have finished the homework, havent you?” my mother asked. My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.“Do you go to school by bus or by bike?” He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.3). 直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。 She asked me, “When do they have their dinner?” She asked me when they had their dinner. 怎样变时态直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如： 1) She said. “I have lost a pen.”She said she had lost a pen 2) She said. “We hope so.”She said they hoped so. 3) She said. “He will go to see his friend。”She said he would go to see his friend。怎样变人称直接引语变间接引语，人称也要变化。下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。如： She said. “My brother wants to go with me. ”She said her brother wanted to go with her.“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称，或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称。如： He said to Kate. How is your sister now?He asked Kate how her sister was then。“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如： Mr. Smith said。“Jack is a good worker。”Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker。例 Jacks mother asked him, “Have you packed your things?” （保持句意不变） Jacks mother asked him _ he _ packed his things. 一、单项选择( ) 1. I dont think he will come here on time, ? (重庆)A. wont he B. will he C. does he D. is he( ) 2. Will you please tell me ? (上海)A. where Pudong Airport is B. how far Pudong Airport wasC. how can we get to Pudong Airport D. when was Pudong Airport built( ) 3. Its not polite to ask people in England. (常州)A. how much money you have got B. what the weather is likeC. what your city looks like D. how old are you( ) 4. I wonder if he tonight. If he , Ill let you know. (扬州)A. will come; will come B. comes; comesC. will come; comes D. comes; will come( ) 5. I cant say I want to see him again. We havent seen each other for nearly three years. (镇江) A. how long B. how soon C. how often D. how much( ) 6. Mr. Green told me that he on a trip next Sunday. (通化) A. are going B. was going C. will go D. would going( ) 7. Our geography teacher told us that Japan the east of China. (河北) A. is in B. was in C. is to D. was to( ) 8. Nobody knows hell come or not. (辽宁) A. that B. if C. / D. whether二、按要求改写句子1. “Do you want to try something new?” Toms mother asked him. (改为复合句,句意不变) (济南)Toms mother asked him to try something new.2. Could you tell me the way to the station? (改写句子,句意不变) (青岛)Could you tell me to the station?3. “I have finished my homework.” John told me. (改为复合句,句意不变) (天津) John told me that homework.4. I dont know how I can reach the zoo. (改为简单句) (宿迁) I dont know the zoo.三、根据汉语提示,完成句子.1. 我还没有决定是否去参加迈克的生日聚会。(黑龙江)I havent decided I will go to Mikes birthday party .2. 张清问他奶奶是否还要些面条。(西安)Zhang Qing asked his grandma she noodles.3. 据说在南京长江上又建了一座桥。（南京） that bridge over the Changjiang River in Nanjing.4. 请你告诉我这把锁是用什么制成的好吗？(无锡)Would you please tell me ?5. 你能告诉我他从美国回来多久了？Can you tell me ?第三步：课后练习：I从下列A、B、C、D中选择一个正确选项填空。 1. I dont know _ he will come tomorrow_ he comes，Ill tell you Aif；Whether Bwhether；Whether Cif；That Dif；If 2I dont know _ the day after tomorrow Awhen does he come Bhow will he come Cif he comes Dwhether hell come 3Could you tell me _ the nearest hospital is？ Awhat Bhow Cwhether Dwhere 4Could you tell me _ the radio without any help？ Ahow did he mend Bwhat did he mend Chow he mended Dwhat he mended 5I want to know _ Awhom is she looking after Bwhom she is looking Cwhom is she looking Dwhom she is looking after 6Do you know where _ now？ Ahe lives Bdoes he live Che lived Ddid he live 7Do you know what time _ ？ Athe train leave Bdoes the train leave Cwill the train leave Dthe train leaves 8I dont know _ Can you tell me，please？ Ahow the two players are old Bhow old are the two players Cthe two players are how old Dhow old the two players are 9The small children dont know _ Awhat is their stockings in Bwhat is in their stockings Cwhere is their stockings in Dwhat in their stockings 10I cant understand _ Awhat does Christmas mean Bwhat Christmas does mean Cwhat mean Christmas does Dwhat Christmas means II按要求转换句型。 1Does MrBrown enjoy living in China？Could you tell us？（改写句子） Could you tell us _ MrBrown _ living in China？ 2“Does the girl need any help？”he asked me（变为复合句） He asked me _ the girl _ some help 3Jim is not a studentTom is not a student，either（合并为一个句子） _ Jim _ Tom is a student 4When does the train leave？I want to know（改为含宾语从句的复合句） I want to know _ the train _ 5They went home after they had finished their homework（用notuntil改写） They _ go home _ they had finished their homework 6Did Peter come here yesterday？Li Lei wants to know（改为含宾语从句的复合句） Li Lei wants to know _ Peter _ here yesterday III. Choose the best answer.( ) 1. Can you tell me_?Awhere he is Bwhere is he Che is where Dwhat is he( ) 2、I didnt know how _ to London?Awould they go Bare they going Cthey would go Dthey are going( ) 3、I want to know how long_. Ahas he been back Bhas he come bac Che has been back Dhe has come back( ) 4、Do you know _?Awhat the news are Bwhat is the news Cwhat the news is Dwhat are the news( ) 5、He said he would help me with my maths if he _ free.Awas Bwill be Cwould be Dis( ) 6、He will write to you as soon as he _ to Shanghai.Agets Bis getting Cwill get Dshall get( ) 7、Father_ music when he _ youngAlikedwas Blikedis Clikeswas Dlikesis( ) 8、I liked sports _ I was young.Aso much as Bso much that Cvery much when Dvery much because( ) 9、_ mother got home, I was tidying my room.AAfter BWhen CAs soon as DBefore( ) 10、The teacher didnt begin her class_ the students stopped talking.Auntil Bbecause Cafter Dwhen( ) 11、If it _ tomorrow, well go to the Great wall. Adoesnt rain Bwont rain Cnot rains Disnt rain( ) 12、Could you tell me_ we get to the plane?Ahow Bwhether Cwhere Dwhat( ) 13、When they got to the cinema, the film _ for the ten minutes.Ahad been on Bhas begun Cbegan Dhad begun( ) 14、The teacher says _ she will leave a message on the headmasters desk.Aif Bwho Cthat Dwhat( ) 15、Lucy looks stronger _ Lily.Athan Bas Cthen Dnot as( ) 16、I know nothing about it _ he told me.Abecause Bsince Cuntil Dafter( ) 17、You must make your new house clean and safe _ you move in.Abecause Bwhen Cbefore Duntil( ) 18、I was _ tired _ I couldnt walk on.Asothat Btooto Cverythat Dveryto( ) 19、I thought he _ to see his mother if he _ time.Awill gohas Bwill go will have Cwould go would have Dwould go hadIV、用所给动词的正确形式填空：1、I wont return the book to the library because I _ (not finish) reading it.2、As soon as he saw me, he _ to speak to me. (stop)3、I hope he _ (come) back in a week.4、It _ (rain) hard when I got to the factory this morning.5、The old man told the children _ (not walk) in the rice fields.6、He told me he _ (help) her with her maths the next evening.7、She said they _ (know) each other for quite some time.8、If it _ (not rain) tomorrow, we _ (visit) the Poples Museum.9、John _ (write) something when I _ (go) to see him.10、Our teacher told us that light _ (travel) much faster than sound.11、When I got to the cinema, the film _(begin)12、Mike asked me if we _(ask) any questions the next class.13、Will you come and stay with us for a while when you _(finish) doing your homework?14、Comrade Wang didnt know if there _ (be) on English evening that day.15、Please tell me if she _ (come) again next time. 同义句转换1. Jim said: “The fastest way to travel is by plane.”Jim said _ the fastest way to travel _ by plane2. The teacher said to us: “Spring comes after winter.”The teacher _ _ _ spring _ after winter.3. He cant work out the problem. I believe.I _ _ _ _ work out the problem4. Do you want to try something new” Toms mother asked him. Toms mother asked him_ _ _to try something new.5. He asked, “Are you a Party member or a League member?”He asked me_.6. He asked, “How are you getting along?” He asked _.7. He said, “Dont do that again.” He _ me _ that again.B. Choose the best answer（根据短文内容，选择最恰当的答案): ( 7分)1 Making friends is a skill. Like most skills, it improves with practice. If you want to meet people and make friends, you must be willing to take some actions. You must first go where there are people. You wont make friends staying at home alone. 2 Join a club or a group, talking with those who like the same things as you do is much easier, or join some activities. 3 Many people are nervous when talking to new people. After all meeting strangers means facing the unknown. And its human nature to feel a bit uncomfortable about the unknown. 4 Most of our fears about dealing with new people come from doubts (怀疑) about ourselves. We imagine other people are judging us, finding us too tall or too short, too this or too that. But dont forget that they must be feeling the same way. Try to accept yourself as you are and try to put the other people at ease. Youll both feel more comfortable. 5 Try to act self-confidence（自信）even if you dont feel that way when you enter a room full of strangers, such as a new classroom. Walk tall and straight, look directly at other people and smile. 6 If you see someone youd like to speak to, say something. Dont wait for the other person to start a conversation. 7 Just meeting someone new doesnt mean that youll make friends with that personfriendships are based on mutual (相互的) liking and “give and take”. They take time and effort to develop. And there are things that keep a new friendship from growing. 76. You can not make friends _. A) if you will take actionsB) by going to people C) if you avoid（避免）meeting people D) if you wont join a club 77. The underlined part(划线的词) in paragraph 3 means _ . A) the person you knowB) the person you dont know C) the person you understand D) the person you dont understand78. According to the passage, its quite_ for people to get nervous when meeting someone new. A) good B) excitingC) interestingD) natural 79. Friendships are based on _. A) liking each other B) meeting more peopleC) talking and smiling D) looking directly at other people 82. In paragraph 5, the underlined part means_. A) even if you are not self-confident B) even if you are self-confident C) even if you are not comfortable D) even if you are comfortable 83. When meeting someone new, _. A) try to make him feel easyB) judge him too this or too that C) not to talk with him D) let him talk to you first84.The best topic for the passage is_. A) Dealing with Friends B) Making Friends C) Facing the UnknownD) The Skill of Talking C. Choose the words or expressions and complete the passage（选择最恰当的单词或词语完成短文) Have you ever heard of Pisa? I often 85 about Pisa when I was a boy. I read about the famous building called the Leaning Tower (斜塔)of Pisa, but when I read the word Pisa, I was thinking of pizza. I thought this tower was a place to buy pizza. It must be the best place to buy pizza in the world, I thought.Many years 86 I saw the Leaning Tower. I knew then that it was Pisa and no pizza, but there was still something special about it for me. The