问题答疑材料.doc

问题答疑材料-大学英语三 郭海霞在论坛中，有些问题会反复出现，现在对这些重点、难点问题进行集中整理，以便同学们学习、吸收。一 虚拟语气1含义：英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。2应用条件该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气3用法（1）虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法 1法语气的使用方法会被反复1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断 判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。 判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：与过去事实相反。与现在事实相反。与将来事实可能相反。1、表示与现在事实相反的情况： 主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他+ if+主语+did/be(were)+其他 例： 1.If I were you, I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你） 2.If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道） 3.If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水) 4.If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没带钱） 5.If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：学习不用功） 2、表示与过去事实相反的情况主语+should/would/could/might+have done+其他+ if+主语+had done +其他 例： 1. If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了） 2.If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话） 3、表示对将来情况的主观推测（可能相反或可能性很小） 主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 if+主语+did/should/were to do+其他 例： 1.If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。 （事实：来的可能性很小） 2.If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：不知能否下雪） 3.If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。 注意事项 if条件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒装语序。 有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if省去，而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。If he had worked harder, he would have got through the exams.=Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.If he were to leave today, he would get there by Friday.=Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.If I were in your place, I wouldnt do that.=Were I in your place, I wouldnt do that.在现代英语中if条件状与从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were。有时虚拟条件句并没用if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语(otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。如：We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. Without you help, I wouldnt have achieved so much. But for （“要不是.”的意思）your help, I would not have succeeded（2）宾语从句中的虚拟语气1、wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气 wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，按“后退一步法”处理从句的谓语动词。注意：与哪个事实相反，不能以主句的时态为判断依据，而是根据从句的意义判断。2、表示“要求、建议、命令”等动词后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 从句中用“should + 动词原形”构成。而且should可以省去。用于此结构的动词有：advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest等。 注意：当insist表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示“表明，显示”时，不用虚拟语气。 The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him. He insisted that he was honest. 3、would rather 从句 在这种结构中，从句的位于动词用过去形式表示虚拟。 I would rather you did this instead of me. (3)主语从句中的虚拟语气 1、It be + 形容词 + that （should） 用于该句型的形容词是：necessary, good, inportant, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny, strange, surprising 一些名词也可以用于 在该结构中。如：a pity， no wonder 2、It be + 过去分词 + that （should） 用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词。如：desired， suggested， requested， ordered， proposed等。 3、It is time（about time， high time）that （过去式动词形式或should动词原形） It is high time I went home now. = It is high time I should go home now.(4)表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气 在suggestion， proposal， order， plan， idea， advice， decision等需要有内涵的名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中，要使用虚拟语气。其谓语动词应用：should原形动词。另外连接从句的that不能省略。例：My suggestion is that we should go there at once. What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English evening?例题解析1. The teacher demanded that the exam _ before eleven.A. must finish B. would be finished C. be finished D. must be finished答案是C Demand后面用虚拟语气，省略should，should后用动词原形2. He is talking so much about America as if he _ there.A. had been B. has beenC. wasD. has gone答案是AAs if 后面用虚拟语气，好像他曾经去过美国，与过去事实相反3. It is important that we _ wild animals.A. will protect B. should protect C. shall protect D. are protecting答案是B 虚拟语气二 非谓语动词1 含义：在句子中不是谓语的动词叫做非谓语动词2 形式：非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词、分词（现在分词和过去分词）3 功能：动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分4 用法（一）不定式 1 形式 肯定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征. 否定式：not + (to) do （1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后. 例如： Im glad to meet you. He seems to know a lot. We plan to pay a visit. He wants to be an artist. The patient asked to be operated on at once. The teacher ordered the work to be done. （2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room. （3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如： I regretted to have told a lie. I happened to have seen the film. He is pleased to have met his friend2句法功能（1）作主语： To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. To lose your heart means failure. 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose your heart. 常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。 2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。（2）作表语： Her job is to clean the hall. He appears to have caught a cold. （3）作宾语： 常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如： Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语（4）宾补 在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如： With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema 有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时， 不定式要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road.（5）作定语： 动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系： 动宾关系： I have a meeting to attend. 注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如： He found a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about. What did you open it with? 如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词： He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem. 如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式： Have you got anything to send? Have you got anything to be sent? 说明所修饰名词的内容： We have made a plan to finish the work. 被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语： He is the first to get here. （6）作状语： 表目的： He worked day and night to get the money. She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： wrong：To save money, every means has been tried. right：To save money, he has tried every means. wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 表结果： He arrived late to find the train gone. 常用only放在不定式前表示强调： I visited him only to find him out. 表原因： They were very sad to hear the news. 表程度： Its too dark for us to see anything. The question is simple for him to answer. （7）作独立成分： To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked. （8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。 If you dont want to do it, you dont need to. （9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。 He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.（二）动名词： 动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。 1形式 肯定式： Ving 否定式：not + 动名词 I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。（1）一般式： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 （2）被动式： He came to the party without being invited他未被邀请就来到了晚会。 （3）完成式： We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。 （4）完成被动式： He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。 （5）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。2句法功能： （1）作主语： Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。 Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。 当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。 Its no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。 （2）作表语： In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。 （3）作宾语： They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。 We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。 注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如： We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。 要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语： enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like （4）作定语： He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。 Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？ （5）作同位语： The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。 His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。 （三）现在分词： 现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。 1现在分词的形式： doing 否定式：not + 现在分词 （1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成 式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如： They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。 Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。 （2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动 词之前的被动的动作。 The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。 2句法功能： （1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语 放在名词后。 In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。 The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。 现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher. （2）现在分词作表语： The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。 The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。 be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。 （3）作宾语补足语： 如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语： see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如： Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？ He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。 （4）现在分词作状语： 现在分词作状语，其逻辑主语一般是句中的主语，如果不是，需在V-ing 形式前加名词或代词主格作逻辑主语。 1. 作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。例如： Being ill, Mary didnt come to school yesterday. 2. 作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句。例如： Seeing their teacher coming, the students stopped talking. 如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在现在分词前加上when或while。例如： While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon. 3. 作条件状语。 V-ing 形式作条件状语时，相当于一个条件状语从句。例如： Working harder, youll be No. 1 in your class. 4. 作让步状语，相当于让步状语从句。例如： Weighing almost two hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. 5. 作结果状语。例如： He died, leaving nothing but debts. 6. 作伴随状语或方式状语。例如： He sat by the roadside, begging. (四) 过去分词1 形式动词的-ed分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。 2.句法功能： 过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。 （1）过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如： Donttouchtheglassbecauseitisbroken.不要碰那个杯子，它是坏的。 Heisquitepleasedwiththedesignofthedress.她很喜欢那礼服的式样。 （2）过去分词做定语： 单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面，相当于一个定语从句。如： Theexcitedpeoplerushedintothebuilding.激动的人们奔进了大楼。 Weneedmorequalifiedteachers.我们需要更多合格的教师。 过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，相当于一个定语从句。如： Isthereanythingplannedfortomorrow?明天有什么活动吗？ Thesuggestionmadebytheforeignexpertwasadoptedbythemanager.外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。 过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。如： Thebooks,writtenbyLuXun,arepopularwithmanyChinesepeople.这些书是鲁迅写的，受到了许多中国人民的喜爱。 Themeeting,attendedbyonethousandstudents,wasasuccess.这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千个学生出席了。 （3）过去分词做状语： 过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。 表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。如： Seenfromthetopofthehill,thecitylookedlikeabiggarden.从山顶上看，这个城市就像一个大花园。 AcceptedbytheParty,hedecidedtodevotehislifetothecauseoftheParty. 入党以后，他决定献身于党的事业。 表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。如： Deeplymovedbythestory,theexcitedpeoplestoppedquarrellingwitheachother. 激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了，停止了争吵。 Encouragedbythespeech,theyoungpeoplemadeuptheirmindstotakeupthestruggle. 受到了讲演的鼓舞，年轻人决定起来从事斗争。 表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词。如： Givenanotherchance,hewilldobetter.再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。 Comparedwithyourbrother,youshouldmakegreatereffortstostudyEnglish. 和你哥哥相比，你应该更加努力学习英语。 Ifheated,watercanbeturnedintosteam.水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。 表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如： Exhaustedbytherunning,theywentonrunningaftertherobber. 尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。 Laughedatbymanypeople,hecontinuedhisstudy.尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。 表方式或伴随情况。如： Theoldmanwentintotheroom,supportedbyhiswife.那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。 Seatedatthetable,myfatherandIweretalkingaboutmyjob.我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我的工作问题。 （4）过去分词作补足语： 过去分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,find,get,have,feel,make,leave,keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语。如： Whenwillyougotothehospitalandhaveyourtoothexamined?你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿？ Whenyouaremakingaspeech,youshouldspeakloudertomakeyourselfheard. 当你在作报告时，你应该讲响一点使自己被人听清。 当这类句子变成被动语态时，过去分词用作主语补语。如： Oneoftheglasseswasfoundbroken.有人发现其中一个杯子破了。 Theyshouldbekeptinformedofthesituationthere.应该让他们知道那儿的形势。注意：1非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有： （1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如： They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. （2）都可以被状语修饰： The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. （3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如： He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态） He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式） We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时） Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式） （4）都可以有逻辑主语 They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语） The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语） We are League members.（谓语动词的主语） We being League member, the work was well done. （现在分词的逻辑主语） 2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有： （1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。 （2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。 （3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。 （4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；3.过去分词和ing分词作表语的区别： 过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，如： Hearingthenews,wefeltverysurprised.听到那个消息，我们感到很惊讶 Thenewsisverysurprising.这个消息很令人惊讶。 Theywerefrightenedtohearthefrighteningsound.他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。 Atthesightofthemovingscene,allthepeoplepresentweremovedtotears. 看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动得流下了眼泪。 英语中这样的分词还有很多，如：amusing,amused;encouraging,encouraged;disappointing,disappointed;exciting,excited;puzzling,puzzled;satisfying,satisfied;worrying,worried;tiring,tired;pleasing,pleased;interesting,interested;astonishing,astonished等。 4.过去分词和ing分词作定语的区别： 过去分词作定语和-ing分词作定语有一定的区别。试比较下面几组短语： boiledwater开水boilingwater正沸腾的水 developedcountries发展的国家developingcountries发展中国家 fallenleaves落叶fallingleaves正在飘落的叶子 changedcondition改变了的情况changingcondition变化着的情况 由此可见，过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作；而-ing分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。例题解析1._ more attention,the trees could have grown better. A.To give B.Having given C.Given D.Giving答案选C give和tree的关系式被动关系，引导条件状语2 The government forbids _ such bad books. A.published B.to publish C.publish D.publishing答案选D forbid 后跟动词的话只跟doing3 When passing me he pretended _ me. A.to see B.not having seen C.to have not seen D.not to have seen答案选D pretend to do,后跟不定式，否定式 not to do,再用不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，所以用不定式的否定完成式三 独立主格1构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。2特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。例句：The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。This done, we went home.工作完成后，我们才回家。The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆3 With的复合结构作独立主格表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise. 4 注意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。 2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 例题解析1Weather_, well go out for a walk.A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为天气允许，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, well go out for a walk.