医学英语复习

【课文翻译】Antibiotic Resistance1.In the past we have managed to develop new antibiotics to replace those that had become ineffective，but that has changed now that some bacteria have become resistant to all available drug treatments.过去，我们一直努力开发新的抗生素，来取代那些已经无效的抗生素。然而，现在这种情况变了，这是因为有些细菌已对现有的抗菌素治疗都产生了抗药性。2.We are safe while these bacteria remain sensitive to erythromycin or tetracycline but，given the experience with their hospital-based cousins，it will only be a matter of time before these become ineffective too.当这些细菌还对红霉素或四环素敏感时，我们是安全的，但鉴于我们对它们那些在医院的同类的经验得知，这些抗菌素变得无效也只是时间问题了。3.In the US，outbreaks of multi-resistant strains have occurred in both health settings and prisons，causing the deaths of many who came into contact with the original infected person.在美国，广泛耐药性的菌属已出现在医疗保健场所和监狱，导致许多与感染者接触的人员死亡。4.Antibiotics have made a huge difference to this condition，but we are now getting to the stage where we no longer have effective and proven therapy that works against some of these higher level resistance strains.抗生素使这种状况大为改变，但是我们现在正在回到这种状态，即再也没有有效治疗对付那些高耐药性的细菌感染了。5.We need the equivalent of the discovery of penicillin by Fleming and its development by Florey to be repeated every 10-20 years if we want to keep ahead of bacterial infections.如果我们想走在细菌传染的前面，那么每10-20年，我们就需要有像Fleming发现青霉素，Florey发展青霉素那样的发现发展新药的过程。6.In addition to the developmental costs，there has been general complacency on the part of the community，medical profession and pharmaceutical industry during the 1980s.除了开发方面的高投入费用，还有就是我们社会方面、医疗行业及制药企业方面自上世纪80年代以来普遍的自我满足。7.While research and development has been winding back，the pace of bacterial adaptability has been accelerating.抗菌素研发方面的进展一直在放慢，而细菌的抗药性的速度却一直在加快。8.The development of new chasses of antibiotics is obviously vitally important but it is not the only means we should use to manage antibiotic resistance.新一代抗菌素开发固然十分重要，但这并不是我们用来对付抗生素耐药性的唯一方法。9.We are frequently using antibiotics when they are unlikely to give any benefit，such as the treatment of viral respiratory tract infections.我们经常使用抗生素治疗，而好多这些治疗并不能给我们带来益处，如：对病毒性呼吸道感染的治疗。10.While there are commercial and economic benefits to this，the cost in the form of antibiotic resistance is very high.虽然这样做会在商业和经济上带来好处，但由此带来的抗生素耐药性的代价却是巨大的。Hello Dolly!1.Given that there does not appear to be any scientific reason why cloning techniques can not be applied in the human context, this raises the possibility of producing human clones not only from the DNA of living human beings, but also from dead ones.由于似乎没有科技原因阻碍克隆技术用于人类，所以就有可能不仅从活的人体中提取DNA，也有可能从死的人体中提取DNA克隆。2.Animal welfare issues，as well as the possible benefits to humans of employing cloning techniques in various non-human contexts，have taken a back seat to outpourings of fear and howls of protest.使用克隆技术对动物的好处，以及各种非人体克隆技术可能对人类带来的好处，都被人们的极度恐惧和愤怒所淹没。3.Since then, bioethicists and scientists have largely dropped the topic because cloning of mammals did not seem technically feasible, and was therefore thought to be a matter better suited for science fiction than for earnest scientific or philosophical discussion.自那时起，生物伦理学家和科学家也基本上不关注这类话题，因为克隆哺乳动物在技术上似乎还不可行。由此认为，克隆人与其说是认真严肃的科学或哲学话题，不如说更适合于科幻小说。4.But what is this “right” and can it sit comfortably with the fact that some of our fellow humans are already “clones” and do not, in that sense, have a unique genetic identity?但是，什么是这个所谓的正确身份呢？这种说法难道对我们人类中一些已经遭到“克隆”并（按这种说法）失去了唯一遗传身份现象却能不闻不问吗？5.False expectations about the “resurrection” of a beloved dead child might well deprive the new child of the opportunity to unfold in his or her own distinctive way, and prevent it from experiencing love, affection and acceptance as a unique individual and person.对于复活死去的心爱孩子，错误期待会剥夺这个新生孩子展示他或她各自不同的人生道路的体会，以及会妨碍她作为一个独一无二个体经历亲情、爱情和被他人接受的体验。6.A repugnant scenario? Perhaps. But is it a more repugnant scenario than the destruction of countless foetuese in abortions for reasons often more trivial than the saving of peoples lives?一个令人作呕的景象？也许是，但这比起做人流时无数胎儿被摧残的景象难道会更令人作呕吗？而做人流的最大理由也同样不过是为了挽救人的生命。这是一个令人作呕的景象吗？也许是。但是那些为了相比救人生命而言微乎其微的理由而常常毁灭无数发育完全的胚胎7.The danger with regard to the regulation of cloning is that the easiest political reponse to the recent outpourings of fears and fantasies is a total ban of the practice in the human context.有关控制克隆的危险是针对最近人们对此极度恐惧和不正确的想象而作出的最简单的政治反应那就是全面禁止人类背景下的克隆研究实践。Stress1. It was vital once-an innate response to danger，inherited directly from the primeval veld down to our own lifetimes，where it causes nothing but trouble.人类从远古草原/时期直接遗传下来的应急机制曾经（对生存）至关重要，而如今却只能带来麻烦。2. Research has revealed that mens and womens bodies process stress differently,and provided disturbing evidence about how stress affects child development from the earliest weeks of life.研究依据显示，男女机体对压力的反应不同，并令人揪心地向我们展示了压力是怎样从孩子出生的头几周就开始影响孩子的发育发展。3. Stressors are, in short-hand, whatever youre trying to avoid: an electric shock, if youre a lab rat; the sight of a predator, if youre a prey animal; a 500 point drop in the stock market, if youre an investor.简要来说，压力源就是你想方设法要避免的事情，比如，如果你是一只实验老鼠，压力源就是电击；如果你是猎物，压力源就是看见捕猎者；如果你是股民，压力源就是大盘下降500点。4. The fats contribute to the plaques that form inside blood vessels,which can lead to heart disease or strokes; high levels of glucose are a step in the direction of diabetes.脂肪导致血管内形成斑块，可造成心脏病和中风，而高血糖往往又会导致糖尿病。5. Researchers still dont understand why the body should suppress immunity during times of stress-if anything, the opposite would seem to make sense.而研究人员仍然不理解，为什么在压力下身体会压制免疫反应。如果有起作用的话，应当是相反，那样才有道理。6. Sure enough, fat cells in the abdomen appear to be especially sensitive to glucocorticoids, and people with a high concentration of those hormones tend to accumulate fat around their middles-a potbelly-even if the rest of their bodies are thin.肯定的是，腹部的脂肪细胞对糖皮质激素显得特别敏感，因此，那些糖皮质激素水平较高的人，往往会在腹部周围积累脂肪，形成啤酒肚，尽管身体的其余部分是瘦的。7. Theyll come in with abdominal pain, urinary frequency, headaches a whole variety of complaints which could be mistaken for medical problems and often are.他们来就诊时都往往有腹痛、尿频、头痛等一系列常常会被误认为器质性病变的主诉。Complementary and Alternative Medicine（补充和替代医学）1.The most recent term for these approaches,integrative medicine,signals the hope that conventional medicine can embrace any modality that proves to be safe and effective, regardless of its origins,under a more inclusive health care umbrella.这些治疗方法的最新称呼综合医学，示意着在更广泛的卫生保健概念下，无论传统医学的起源如何，它都可以和任何一种已证明是安全有效的医学方法相结合。2.Complementary and alternative medicine includes healing approaches that presently are not considered an integral part of conventional medicine as practiced in developed nations.补充和替代医学所包含的疗法虽已在发达国家开展，但仍未被视为正统医学不可分割的部分。3.The theory of homeopathy is that infinitesimal doses of a substance that causes particular symptoms in higher concentrations relieve similar symptoms,regardless of their cause.顺势疗法的理论是不管症状的起因如何，采用极小剂量的某种物质以缓解这种特定的症状，而此种物质在高浓度时会引起相似的症状。4.Naturopathic medicine derived from the early 19th century German concept of natural healing (i.e.,the body possesses an inherent ability to heal itself).The purpose of this approach is to guide the patient toward self-healing with gentle and nontoxic measures, proper diet, and a variety of other approaches.自然疗法医学派生于19世纪初德国的自然康复概念，（即体内拥有一种固有的自愈能力）。这种做法的目的是引导病人通过适当控制饮食和其他各种温和、无毒的方法，以达到自愈。5.The extraordinary popularity of these products，for which Americans spend billions of dollars each year，rests at least in part on the prevalent assumption that a nature product is healthy，whereas synthetic chemicals often are not.这些超人气产品，使美国人每年花费数十亿美元，至少要归因于一种普遍的认识，即天然产品等于健康，而合成药物则常常不是。6.Both fields originally proposed that vertebral misalignments contribute to many diseases，each of which could be treated by appropriate manipulations.脊柱指压和正骨这两个领域最初都认为，可导致许多疾病的各种椎体错位均可以通过适当的手法治疗来解决。7.Osteopathic medicine also may use manipulative techniques，but historical differences between Osteopathic medicine and allopathic medicine otherwise have disappeared.正骨医学也可以采用手法治疗技术，但骨科医学与对症治疗医学在其它方面曾有的如今已不复存在。8.Ancient peoples postulated that health depends on the proper balance and flow of life energies，termed Qi （pronounced “chee”）in Chinese system or the doshas in Ayurveda. Many strategies were developed with the goal of restoring the vitality and balance of a peoples energies.古老的民族认为，健康依赖于生命能量适当的平衡和流动，汉语称为气（发音为“气”），生命呋陀医学称之为能量。许多治疗策略的发展是以活力恢复和能量平衡为目标。9.Acupuncture involves insertion of needles into empirically derived points on the body，or meridians，across which streams of energy are said to flow. 针灸涉及针插入身体中由经验而得的穴位，或经脉，并使能量流动其中。10.The broad range of complementary and alternative options available and the inundation of the public with unsubstantiated claims about them challenge physiciansabilities to guide their patientschoices.补充和替代医学疗法的宽广选择面，以及公众对他们非理性的狂热，对于医生引导患者做选择的能力而言是一种挑战。11.That many complementary and alternative medicine practices are rooted in ancient health care systems and may involve natural products has been taken as ample proof of at least their safety if not also their effectiveness.许多补充和替代医学实践根植于古代卫生保健制度，并涉及天然产品，这一点如果不能作为其有效性，至少可以作为其安全性的充足证据。12.With the increased awareness of the use and potential hazards of complementary and alternative medicine，more practitioners and institutions have begun to incorporate relevant questions into routine patient interactions.随着对于补充和替代医学的用途及潜在危害的认识日益提高，更多的医生和医院开始将相关的问题纳入日常的医患交谈之中。13.Desperation has long driven people to seek alternative and even radical therapies. A glimmer of hope, however faint, can be appealing；a mere anecdote can prove persuasive.绝望长期以来推动人们寻求替代、甚至是激进的疗法。然而，即使一线微弱的希望，也是有吸引力的；仅仅一个奇闻也能让人信以为真。14.For reasons that might be cultural or even biologic，however，patients respond better to practitioners who listen well，care enough to touch them，and explain their findings and decisions.可能是文化甚至生物的原因，患者对那些能很好倾听他们、充满关爱的接触他们并能对他们的发现和决定进行解释的医生有更好地回应。15.When published case series and pilot trials suggest that the product might be benefical and there is little to indicate it is unsafe，the physician might be comfortable with the patients wish to use it，especially if the patient is not neglecting more important health issues and proven effective therapies，if the patient can afford it，and if the complementary and alternative medicine seems to help and not cause side effects.当已发表的一系列案例和试点试验都表明草药产品可能是有益的，并且没有表明草药产品是不安全的时，医生对愿意用草药的患者使用起草药产品也变的心安理得了，尤其是在假如患者不会忽略更重要的健康问题并证明其确有疗效的情况下，或是患者可以负担得起，再或者补充和替代医学似乎对患者有帮助而不会引起副作用。16.Nonetheless，careful laboratory investigations have shown the induction of opioid-dependent brain pathways by which acupuncture might mediate an analgesic effect.虽然如此，严谨的实验室研究表明，针刺可能在阿片依赖脑通路的诱导中介导了止痛效应。17.Conventional medical practice may not evolve，as some have espoused，to a system in which patients are greeted routinely in a multimodality practice by a team of homeopaths，chiropractic and Ayurvedic physicians，herbalists，and spiritual counselors as well as by conventional physicians and nurses.正如某些人所支持的那样，正统医学实践可能不会发展成这样一种医学系统模式，即通常患者除了可以选择正统医师及护士提供的治疗，还可以选择由顺势疗法医生、脊柱指压治疗师、印式按摩师、中医师、精神导师组成的治疗团队提供的复合治疗方式。18.The willingness of practitioners to commit adequate time，to listen carefully to patients，and to touch them physically and emotionally must remain part of conventional medicine.从业人员为患者提供充足的时间、仔细听取患者主诉、触摸他们的身体和情感的种种意愿。必须保留传统医学。19.It is unreasonable to expect physicians to master the rudiments of disciplines such as acupuncture or Ayurveda，but they should understand the essential claims of these disciplines and know how to access the evidence base.期望内科医生掌握例如针灸或阿育呋陀等学科的基本原理是不切实际。但是医生应该了解这些学科的重要主张，并知道如何使用这些学科的证据基础。20.It is preferable to comprehend the movement and address its tenets as fairly and rigorously as possible, rather than risk alienating from mainstream health care institutions people who find it appealing.更为可取的是尽可能公正严格地理解其发展并阐明其原则，而不是冒险让为之所吸引的人疏远主流卫生保健体系。【Body System】1.心血管系统 The cardiovascular system2.呼吸系统 The respiratory system 3.消化系统 The digestive system4.泌尿系统 The urinary system5.生殖系统 The reproductive system6.内分泌系统 The endocrine system7.免疫系统 The immune / lymphatic system8.骨骼肌肉（运动）系统 The musculoskeletal system9.外皮系统 The integumentary system10.神经系统 The nervous system11.感觉系统 The Sensory systemPS： Levels of structure organization of the human body： Cells Tissues Organs Body System【Antihypertensive drugs降压药】1. 受体阻断剂 -blockers2. 钙通道阻滞剂（钙离子拮抗剂） calcium channel blockers3. 利尿剂 diuretics4. 血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors5. 血管紧张素II受体阻滞剂 angiotensin receptor blockers【Hypertension高血压】收缩压 Systolic blood pressure舒张压 Diastolic blood pressuremmHg millimetre(s) of mercury【Key words for digestive system】pharynx（咽） esophagus（食管） pancreas（胰腺） liver（肝脏） gallbladder（胆囊） duodenum（十二指肠） colon（结肠） stomach（胃） appendix（阑尾） rectum（直肠）【Digestive Diseases】ulcer（溃疡） appendicitis（阑尾炎） hepatitis（肝炎） cirrhosis（肝硬化） pancreatitis（胰腺炎）【Abdominal regions and quadrants】Right upper quadrant（右上腹） Left upper quadrant（左上腹）Right lower quadrant（右下腹） Left lower quadrant（左下腹）Right hypochondriac（右季肋区） Epigastric（上腹部） Left hypochondriacRight lumbar（右腰区） Umbilical（脐区） Left lumbar（左腰区）Right iliac（右髂区） Hypogastric（腹下区） Left iliac（右髂区）【Abbreviation缩写】C/O complain of（主诉、抱怨）；chief complaint、chief concern（主诉）2/52 2 weeks SH social historyPH past history nil nothingFH family history a&w alive and wellOE on examination CXR chest X-ray【Ward Rounds in Gastroenterology消化查房】Main Contents（主要内容）First，the overnight nurses on duty gives the overall situation of the ward over the past day，including the total number of patients in the ward，any new admissions as well as the particular condition of any patients in critical condition.These new admissions and critical patients are reported in detail.On-call residents and attending doctors will give supplemental reports and comments on the diagnosis and management，if needed.首先，通宵值班护士报告过去一天病房的整体情况，包括病房患者的总人数，任何新入院的患者，以及任何危重病人的特殊情况。新病人及危重病人要详细报告。如果需要，在线住院医师及主治医师将给出对于诊断和管理的补充报告和评价。Resident Report（住院医汇报）Total number of the patients is 96，including 2 new admissions，1critical patient. 病人总数96名，包括2名新病人，1名危重病人。The new admission in Bed 12 is Mr. Smith. He is a 25-year-old male whose chief complaint is “black stool for 5 days”. On physical exam，the patient was awake，alert and oriented with stable vital signs.The patient appeared mildly anemic. His abdomen was soft，with mild epigastric tenderness and active bowel sounds. Initial impression is upper GI bleeding from a peptic ulcer？Famotidine was given intravenously. The patient is now stable，with no bowel movement yet.12床新病人是史密斯先生。他是一个25岁的男性，其主诉是“黑便5天”。体检：病人神志清和生命体征稳定。患者呈现轻度贫血貌。腹部柔软，有轻度上腹部压痛及肠鸣音活跃。初步印象是消化性溃疡导致的上消化道出血？法莫替丁静脉滴注。病人没有排便，现在病情尚稳定。Ms. Kant is new admission in Bed 50. She is a 70-year-old female whose chief complaint is “I swallowed a fish bone by accident 2 hours ago.”An emergency barium swallow radiogragh demonstrated a bone located in the upper part of the esophagus lodged transversely. This bone was removed through endoscopy. There was no bleeding during or after the operation.50床的Kant（康德）女士是新新病人。她是一名70岁的老年女性，其主诉是“2小时前我吞了一根鱼刺。”紧急钡餐X线检查表明鱼刺横行卡于食道上段。内镜下取出鱼刺。术中及术后无出血。The patient in Bed 30 is in critical condition. He has post-hepatitis cirrhosis with major upper-GI bleeding. The patient vomited 300ml of “Coffee-ground” fluid over the past 24 hours. He also had 4 episodes of black，tarry stools totaling about 500ml. Urine output over the past 24 hours has been 800ml.Vital signs this morning were：pulse 100 peats per minute，respirations 26 per minute，and blood pressure 140/100mmHg. There were 1750ml of fluid in and somatostatin was given continuously IV.30床病人是个危重患者。他有肝炎后肝硬化伴有较多的上消化道出血。在过去24小时里，病人呕吐 “咖啡色渣状”液体300ml。柏油样黑便4次，共约500毫升。患者在过去的24小时尿量有800ml。今晨生命体征：脉搏100次/每分钟，呼吸26次/每分钟，血压140 /100mmhg。进液量1750ml并连续予生长抑素静脉滴注。The patient in bed 45 is in critical condition. He is diagnosed with portal hypertension secondary to hepatic cirrhosis. The patient began speaking nonsense last night after