Adjacency Pairs 相邻语对.ppt

AdjacencyPairs 相邻语对 Conversation Anna BritaStenstromdefinesconversationasasocialactivityinvolvingtwoormoreparticipantswhotalkaboutsomething Stenstrom 1994 Saksdefinesitasastringofatleasttwoturns orinotherwords conversationisasequenceofutterancesbetweentwointerlocutors Coulthard 1985 Conversationmeansanactivitywheretwoormorepeoplearetalkingsomethingwitheachotherforthepurposeofsocializingwithothers Conversationisusuallyprecededinanorganizedmanner Anutterancesproducedbyacertainspeakerhastoberespondedbyanotherutterancefromanotherspeaker Consequently aproperconversationalorganizationorstructurewillbecreated Definition TsuidefinesadjacencypairsasaclassofsequencesofturnsinwhichanutterancemadebyonespeakerisrespondedbyanotherutterancefromanotherspeakerAdjacencypairsoneofthemostimportantpartsinconversationanalysisinwhichanutterancemadebyonespeakerrespondedbyanotherutterancefromanotherspeaker Coulthard 1985 姜望琪 2003 221 认为 相邻语对是日常会话中的一种普遍现象 有问有答 你有来言 我有去语 是说话人和听话人之间共同遵守的一条普遍规律 TheConciseOxfordDictionaryofLinguistics Twosuccessiveutterancesbydifferentspeakers wherethesecondisofatyperequiredorexpectedbythefirst E g aquestionfollowedbyananswer agreetingfollowedbyagreetinginreturn Examples 1 A Hi goodmorning Greeting FirstpairpartadjacencypairsB Morning Greeting Secondpairpart2 X Haveyoudoneyourhomework Question FirstpairpartadjacencypairsY Ofcourse Answer Secondpairpart 3 A Bill attention FirstpairpartadjacencypairsB What reply Secondpairpart4 A Excuseme disturb FirstpairpartadjacencypairsB Yes response Secondpairpart Features AccordingtoSacksandSchegloff adjacencypairs whichisthemostimportantpartofconversationalstructure consistoftwomainparts firstpairpartsandsecondpairparts Coulthard 1985 SacksandSchegloffAdjacentDifferentspeakersArrangeinafirst secondorderCorresponding e g greeting greeting offer acceptance Levinson 1983 Insertionsequence e g A Doyouwanttheearlyflight Q1 B Whattimedoesitarrive Q2 A Nineforty A2 B Yeah that sgreat A1 ThesequencetaketheformofQ1 Q2 A2 A1 Themiddlepair Q2 A2 iscalledInsertionsequence Itisoneadjacencypairswithinanotherforclearerunderstanding WhyisthereInsertionsequence NotthesameanticipationUnavailabilityoftheimmediateexpectedanswerDistancebetweenwhatisexpectedandwhatisprovidedMeaningfulinterpretation PreferenceStructure 偏好结构 组织 Dialogue A WhatdoesTomdoforaliving B a Herunsafactory b Doyouneedtoknow c I venoidea YoumayaskDavid d What sthatgottodowithit e Hedoesn t Thefivedifferentanswersreferstothesecondpartpairpreferred偏好的 期待的dispreferred非偏好的 非期待的 胡壮麟 1988 thepreferredisthestructurallyexpectednextact thedispreferredisthestructurallyunexpectednextact Yule 1996 Generalpatterns FirstpartSecondpart PreferredDispreferred AssessmentagreedisagreeInvitationacceptrefuseOfferacceptrefuseProposalagreedisagreeRequestacceptrefuse Levinson 1983 Anotherexamples 1 A Couldyouputonthelightformyroom B Yeah 索振羽 2000 2 A Ifyou dliketocomeandvisitalittlewhilethismorning I llgiveyouacupofcoffee B Hehh Well that sverykindofyou Idon tthinkIcanmakeitthismorning uhmI mrunninganadinthepaperand anduhIhavetostaynearthephone 姜望琪 2003 1 preferred 2 dispreferred Thedispreferred 1 A SochiropodistsdohandsIguess B Em well outthere theytheymostlyworkonpeople sfeet em delay indicatingdispreferred well preface appealingtotheviewsofothers outthere non personalview they they repetition stumble mostly makinglesschallengingtotheclaiminthefirstpart theoveralleffectisthatBispresentinghavingdifficultyandisunwillingtohavetosaywhatisbeingstated Howtodoadispreferredexamplesdelay hesitatepause er em ahPrefacewell ohExpressdoubtI mnotsureTokenYesthat sgreat I dlovetoApologywhatapity I msorryMentionobligationImustdosth Appealforunderstandingyousee youknowMakeitnon personaloutthere everybodyelseUsemitigatorsmostly really 2 A Comeoverforsomecoffeelater B Oh eh I dloveto butyousee I I msupposedtogetthisfinished youknow oh preface er hesitation yousee youknow invokeunderstanding I msupposedto obligation Withoutsaying no theexpressionofarefusal adispreferredsecond 3 A ButI msurethey llhaveagoodfoodthere B 1 6secondsnoresponsewhenhewouldhavehadtoproduceadispreferredresponse A Hmm Iguessthefoodisn tgreat B Nah peoplemostlygoforthemusic Non responsecommunicatesthatthespeakerisnotinapositiontoprovidethepreferredresponse Silenceasaresponseisanextremecase riskingtheimpressionofnon participationintheconversationalstructure Indicatesth markedtoexpressthedispreferred politeprinciple Conclusion Adispreferredismoreoverwhelmingthanapreferredbecausemoretimeandmorelanguageareusedinadispreferredthaninapreferred Pragmaticperspective e g anofferofininvitation apreferred closenessandquickconnectionadispreferred distanceandlackofconnect