cs1101(计算机科学).docx

Midterm reviewFirst generation of computer: vacuum tubesSecond generation: transistorsThird generation: integrated circuitsFourth generation: microprocessorMoores Law: the number of transistors on an integrated circuit for minimum component cost doubles every 24 months.( Now it is widely associated with the claim that computing power at fixed cost is doubling every 18 months ).Central processing unit = CPUThe components inside CPU:1. Control unit: the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer2. Arithmetic/logic unit: performs the mathematical and logical operations3. Registers: temporary high-speed storage area inside CPU that holds the address of the instructions, the fetched instructions, and the data being processedperipheral device: Input devices , Output devices , Storage devices , Communication devicesSystem unit（機箱） : the case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process datamachine cycle: (fetch-decode-execute-store)1. fetch program instructions stored in the main memory2. decode(解碼)what the instruction means and directs the necessary data to be moved from the memory3. perform the actual operation(execute) on the data4. store the result of the operation back to the memoryRAM = primary storage = main memory (volatile)Access time: Measured in nanoseconds (ns), Also measured in MHz.hard-disk access is measured in milliseconds (ms).ROM (nonvolatile) contains the computers startup routine(contains the BIOS).Bus width is number of bits transmitted at one time.Front side bus: connect CPU with memory.Back side bus: connect CPU with cache.Expansion buses: connect expansion slots to CPU and memory.The amount of detail that the camera can capture is called the resolution, and it is measured in pixels.Monitor Measurements：Screen size，Resolution，Dot pitch ( or pixel pitch)-軟硬之間的分割線-software: system software( including Utility software ) & application software POST: power-on self-test System boot sequenceThe internal power supply turns on and initializedThe CPU looks at ROM for the start of the BIOS boot instructionsAccording to the configuration data in CMOS, the BIOS performs the power-on self-test (POST) to check the hardware to ensure that everything is present and functioning properlyThe BIOS displays a summary screen about your systems configuration; users can press a certain key to enter the CMOS setupBIOS determines which devices are bootable (floppy disk, hard disk, or CD-ROM), load the operating system instructions into the RAM and the operating system takes over“True color” systems require 3 bytes or 24 bits per pixelBasic functions of a computer (IPOS):input, output, processing, store. 单词表：Terminologies術語Methodologies 方法Refrain 克制Outcomes 產出Demonstrate 證明Syllabus 教學大綱Outline 輪廓Vacuum 真空Transistors 晶體管Integrated 集成的Microprocessor 微處理器Empirical 經驗觀察Component 零件Associated 相關Manipulating 處理Multipurpose 多用途的Executed 執行Instant 瞬間Peripheral 外圍的External 外圍的Extension 延伸的Hierarchically 體繫的Categories 分類Embedded 嵌入的PC-compatible 兼容機Tablet 平板電腦Encapsulated 封裝Transmission 傳輸Dramatically 戲劇的Interlinked 互聯的Graphics 圖解計算Protocol 協議Domain name 域名Client 客戶端Evolved 進化Cables 電線Commerce 商業的Unsolicited 未經請求的Analog 模擬Distinct 明顯的Discrete 不連續的Implement 執行Binary 二進制的Pattern 形式Dividend 被除數Divisor 除數Quotient 商數Reminder 餘數Periodic 週期的Digit 電信號的Trace 描繪Octal 八進制Hexadecimal 十六進制Decimal 十進制的Fraction 片段Multiplication 乘法Twos Complement 二進制補碼（只用於加法）Arithmetic 計算Subtraction 減法Notation 计数法Discard 丟棄Mantissa 尾數Exponent 指數Punctuation 標點Grid 格子Pixels 像素resolution 分辨率intensities 强度true color = 3 byte per pixelsegment 段equivalent 等價的manipulates 操纵exclusive 完整的implemented 应用于AND gateOR gate NOT gate XOR gate NAND gate NOR gate XNOR gate Carry-out 進位adapter cards 擴展卡expansion slots 擴展卡槽magnetic 磁性的integrated 完整的executes 執行coordinates 协调fetched 得到comprise 构成Decode 解码Pulses 脉冲Synchronizing 同步的Manufacturers 制造厂商Parallelized 并行Volatile 消失Routine 例行Complementary 补充的Semiconductor 半导体Socket 插座Storage Medium 存储介质Nonvolatile 长存的Retrieve 收回Coordinate 協調generate 產生pulse 脉衝synchronizing 同步millions of instructions per second = MIPSword size 字長manufacturers 製造商fraction 片段parallelized 並行的simultaneously 同時volatile 不穩定的BIOS is ROM, COMS is RAMComplementary 補充的Semiconductor 半導體Retain 保存Configuration 結構Virtual 虛擬的 virtual memory = VMFront side bus: connect CPU with memory.Back side bus: connect CPU with cache.Expansion buses: connect expansion slots to CPU and memorySocket 插口:ISA,PCI,PCI-E,AGPPlug 插頭Configure 配置CabelCARD 電視卡Disk controller Firewire(1394) 高速文件連接（DV）MIDI 樂器ModomUsbVideoBay 硬盤架Coated 塗上一層的Integrated 完整的Scattered 分散的Sequential 連貫的Duplicating 複製Diskette 軟盤Obsolete 過時的Rotating 旋轉的Platter 盤片Sealed 密封的SCSIsmall computer system interfaceCylinder 柱面Vertical 豎直的Concentric 同軸的Sector 扇區Clusters 簇Allocate 分配Utilities 工程Defragment 磁盤碎片整理RAID redundant（多餘的）array of independent disksSole 獨有的Redundant 多餘的Integrated 整合Laser beam 激光Indentation 凹進Lens 鏡頭Prism 棱鏡Scatter 散播Circling 盤旋Evenly 平均的Metallic 金屬Notch 切口Kernel 核心cursor 光標cordless 無線的infrared = IR = 紅外predictive 預測的tablet 平板電腦rubber 橡膠socket 窩spin 旋轉emitter 發射體hence 因此consecutive 連續的rectangular 長方形的stylus 觸筆artificial 人工的stripe 條紋frame rate 幀速率rewind 恢復scheduling 時序安排hyper-threading 高線程工作multithreading 多線程exceeds 溢出vice versa 反過來也是一樣的clue 提示corresponding 對應的fragmented 片段的robustness 健壯度thesaurus 字典merge 合併Charting 製圖Depicts 製圖Macro 宏Entity 實體Synchronized 同步的Transactions 交易Sophisticated 精密的Encoding 編碼Aggregator 總的Copyrighted 版權所有的Duplicated 複製Distribution 發佈Grant