国际市场营销教材课后名词解释.doc

International Marketing Terms DefinationEdited by PengkaiDefination1. Define the following terms: international marketing P9 International marketing is the performance of business activities designed to plan, price, promote, and direct the flow of a companys goods and service to Consumer or users in more than one nation for a profit. controllable/uncontrollable elements P10 The elements of business environment which under/beyond the the control of companies. domestic/foreign uncontrollables P11 Aspects of the domestic/foreign environment that are beyond the control of companies SRC Self-Reference Criterion P14 An unconscious reference to ones own cultural values, experiences, and knowledge as a basis for decision.Ethnocentrism P14The notion that people in ones own company, culture, or country knows best how to do things. Global Awareness P16 Tolerance of cultural difference and knowledge of cultures, history, world market potential, and global economic, social, and political trends. 2. Define GATT P27 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: (1) trade shall be conducted on a non-discriminatory Basis; (2) protection shall be afforded domestic industries through customs tariffs, not through such commercial measures as import quotas; (3) consultation shall be the primary method used to solve global trade problems. WTO P28 World Trade Organization IMF P30 International Monetary Fund: Stabilize foreign exchange rates, facilitate the expansion and balance growth of international trade. EMU P36Economic and Monetary Union: A provision of the Maastricht Treaty, established the parameters of the creation of a common currency for the EU, the euro,andestablished a timetable for its implemention. NAFTA P39 North American Free Trade Agreement: Market access, Nontariff barriers, Rules of origin,Customs administration, Investment, Service, Intellectual property,Government property, Government procurement, Standards. ASEAN + 3 P42 Association of Southeast Asian Nations plus China, Japan, and South Korea: To deal with trade and monetary issues facing Asia. APEC P42 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation: is a forum, far from being a free trade area.Common goals as to open trade, to increase economic collaboration, to sustain regional growth and development,to strengthen the multilateral trading system and to reduce barriers to investment and trade without detriment to other economics. BEMs P49 big emerging markets: A small core of countries that account for more than half of the world trade growth over the next two decades, these country are identified as BEMs. See their important traits at Page 49, 50. BOPMs P48 Bottom-of-the-pyramid market: A new concept introduced into the discussion of developing countries and markets. They are not defined by national borders but rather by the pockets of poverty across countries.3. Define the following terms: Manifest Destiny P62 Basis of U.S. Foreign policy: Americans were a chosen people ordained by God to create a model society. More superficially, it referred to the territorial expansion of the U.S. from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Monroe Doctrine P62 A cornerstone of early U.S. Foreign policy, proclaiming three basic dicta: no further European colonization in the New world, abstention of the Unite States from European political affairs, and nonintervention of European governments in the governments of the Western Hemisphere. Roosevelt Corollary P62 Monroe Doctrine with an extension applied by Roosevelt: Not only would the U.S. Prohibit non-American intervention in Latin American affairs, but it would also police the area and guarantee that Latin American nations met their international obligations. Sustainable development P68 A joined approach among those (governments),businesses, environmentalists, and the others) who seek economic growth with wise resource management, equitable distribution of benefits and reduction of negative efforts on people and the environments from the process of economic grows4. Define the following terms culture P82 Culture is the human-made part of human environment-the sum total of knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society. or P85 is the sum of the values, rituals,symbols, beliefs, and thought processes that are learned and shared by a group of people, then transmitted from generation to generation. culture value P92 A cultures values are its ideas about what is good, right, fair, and just. See P91P92 how culture values influnence various types of business and market behavior comes from seminal work by Geert Hofstede. culture sensitivity P98 Being attuned to the nuances of culture so that a new culture can be viewed objectively, evaluated, and appreciated. linguistic distance P95A new concept measuring the relationship between language diffence and transaction cost.social insititutions P88social institutions including family, religion, school, the media, governments,andcorporations all effec the ways in which people relate to one another, organize theiractivities to live in harmony with one another, teache acceptable behaviour tosucceeding generations, and govern themselves. cultural borrowing P99cultural borrowing is a responsible effort to learn from others cultural ways in the quest for better solutions to a societys particular problems. factual knowledge P98A straightfoward fact about a culture but assumes additional significance when interpreted within the context of the culture.Interpretive knowledge P98 The kind of knowledge most dependent on past experience for interpretation and most frequently prone to misintrepretetaion if ones home country frame of reference (SRC) is used.aesthetics P95Arts, folklore, music, drama, dance, dress and cosmetics in a culture.strategy of unplanned /planned cultural change P102 intoduce a productm and hope for the best / deliberately set out to change those aspects of the culture offering resistance to predetermined marketing goals. strategy of cultural congruennce P102 This srtategy involces marketting products similar to noes already on the market in a manner as congruent as possible with existing cultural norms, thereby minimizing resisitance.5. Define the follwing terms cultural imperatives P108 Cultural imperatives are the business customs and expectations that must be met and conformed to or avoid if relationship are to be successful. cultural electives P109 cultural electives relates to areas of behaviour or to customs that cultural aliens may wish to conform to or participate in but that are not required. cultural exclusives P109 Cultural exclusives are those customs or behaviour patterns reserved exclusively for the locals and from which the foreigner is barred. FCPA P129Foreign Corrupt Practices ActP-time / M-time P119P-time, or polychronic time, is characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of many things and by a great involvement with people. M-time, or monochronic time, is used on those western cultures tend to concentrate on one thing at a time.subornation P129Subornation involves giving large sum of money-frequently not properly accounted for-designed to entice an official to commit an illegal act on behalf of the one offering the bribe. the principles of Utilitarian ethics P131 Does the action optimize the common good or benefits of all constituencies? And who are the pertinent constituencies.? the principles of Justice or fairness P131 Does the action respect the canons of justice or fairness to all parties involved? silent language 6. Defining the following terms sovereignty P138 A sovereignty state is independent and free from all external control; enjoys full legal equality with other states; governs its own territory;select its own political, economic, and social systems; and has the power to enter into agreements with other nations Nationalism P142 Nationalism can be best described as an intense feeling of national pride and unity, an awakening of a nations people to pride in their country. Confiscation, Expropriation, Domestication P144 Confiscation: the seizing of a companys assets without payment Expropriation: the government seizes an investment but makes some reimbursement for the assets. Domestication: host countries gradually cause the transfer of foreign investments to national control and ownership through a series of government decrees that mandate local ownership and greater national involvement in a companys management. PSAs, NGOs P147 Political and social activists (PSAs) can range from those who seek to bring about peaceful change to those who resort to violence and terrorism to effect change. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) 7. Define the following terms: Common / code / Islamic law P159 Common law, derived from English law and found in England, the United States, Canada, and other countries once under English influence; Code law, derived from Roman law and found in Germany, Japan, France, and non-Is