高考原创命题之阅读理解应用文.doc

Fresh air polluted by exhaust fumes and industrial emissions causes lung cancer, a team of The International Agency for Research on Cancer experts has officially declared. Outdoor air pollution was officially classified as carcinogenic(致癌物质) to humans by the cancer arm of the WHO after a review of the latest scientific evidence from around the world. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) also highlighted an apparent link between air pollution and an increased risk of bladder cancer, although the findings were less conclusive. Levels of pollution vary widely between urban and rural areas, but the working group of IARC said their findings could be applied to all regions of the world, and sent a “strong signal” to governments to deal with the problem immediately. Dr Kurt Straif, head of the IARC Monographs Section which identifies environmental causes of cancer, said: “The air we breathe has become polluted with a mixture of cancer-causing substances. “We now know that outdoor air pollution is not only a major risk to health in general, but also a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.” The latest data suggest that in 2010, air pollution was responsible for the deaths of 223,000 lung cancer patients around the world. Dr Dana Loomis, deputy head of the IARC monographs section, explained: “Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants.” “The results from different studies point in the same direction: the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution.” Although the findings do not come as a surprise, they are likely to significantly increase the pressure on governments around the world to deal with pollution, which has risen rapidly around the world during industrialisation and was already known to raise the risk of conditions like heart and respiratory diseases（呼吸道疾病）. Traffic, power stations, industrial and agricultural emissions, and cooking and heating in the home are the main causes of air pollution. Dr Christopher Wild, director of the IARC, said: “Classifying outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans is an important step. There are effective ways to reduce air pollution and, since outdoor air pollution affects people worldwide, this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay.”1. Which of the following sentences is true?A. There is no link between air pollution and lung cancerB. The cancer arm of the WHO holds different ideas with the IARC on the relationship between air pollution and cancerC. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) emphasized an obvious link between air pollution and an increased risk of lung cancer.D. Outdoor air pollution was officially classified as carcinogenic(致癌物质) to humans by the WHO. 2. According to Dr Kurt Straif, the outdoor air pollution_A. can easily cause bladder cancerB. is only a major risk to health in generalC. a major environmental cause of cancer deathsD. increase the risk of developing lung cancer in people exposed to it3. In Dr Dana Loomis opinion, _A. their task focus on specific air pollutants rather than evaluation of the airB. their task aims to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants.C. the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly decreased in people exposed to air pollution.D. the risk of developing bladder cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution.4. Why do the experts of The International Agency for Research on Cancer officially declare their report?A. To significantly increase the pressure on governments of urban areas to deal with pollution,B. To suggest that in 2010, air pollution was responsible for the deaths of 223,000 lung cancer patients around the world. C. To send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay.”D. To reduce air pollution through their own efforts.KEYS: 1.D 2.C 3.B 4.C答案解析：第一题应该选D. 根据第二自然段Outdoor air pollution was officially classified as carcinogenic(致癌物质) to humans by the cancer arm of the WHO after a review of the latest scientific evidence from around the world可得到答案。A选项与文章第三自然段首句The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) also highlighted an apparent link between air pollution and an increased risk of bladder cancer, although the findings were less conclusive.的内容不符。B选项说WHO与IARC 在环境污染与癌症关系上看法不同，根据文章二、三自然段的内容，两者对此的看法其实是一致的。C选项中的lung cancer应改为bladder cancer.该题考察的能力点及知识点：考察学生快速阅读并准确提取正确信息的能力，在做题过程中适当设置干扰项，干扰项的内容与正确答案有相重合的信息，增加了做题的难度，学生也可藉此提高自己利用排除法解题的能力。 设计意图：该题为信息理解和定位题，目的的提高学生快速获得信息并对信息进行甄别筛选的能力。 第二题应该选C. 根据文章第四自然段“We now know that outdoor air pollution is not only a major risk to health in general, but also a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths.”可知应该选C. A项不是Dr Kurt Straif的观点。B项与原文不符。D项是Dr Dana Loomis的观点。 该题考察的能力点及知识点：该题考察学生根据题干，在文中快速定位答案信息，并经过推理和判断进行选择的能力。 设计意图：该题通过问题的创设，引导学生建立带着问题阅读文本的意识。通过巧妙设计干扰项，引导学生进行逻辑推理，避免主观臆断，站在语境的基础上进行客观选择的能力。 第三题应该选B. 根据第五自然段“Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants.”可知B项正确。A项与第五自然段内容相反。C、D两项都与the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution.相矛盾。 该题考察的能力点及知识点：该题需要考生认真细读第五自然段。考察学生根据已知信息归纳总结和提取正确信息的能力。 设计意图：考查学生对文本信息进行辨别、选择和提取的能力。第四题应该选C. 根据第一自然段和最后一自然段进行归纳总结可知应该选择C. C选项也正是文章的大意。由第三自然段Levels of pollution vary widely between urban and rural areas, but the working group of IARC said their fin