英语四级资料——句子结构.doc

第一讲：1. 基本概念1一个完整正确的句子，主要只有主语（名词，代名词）及主要动词就可以形成，叫做简单句。 It rains. 简单句只有一句从句，如果一个句子有两句或以上的从句，那就成了复合句。My father is a teacher and my mother is a doctor. I lost my umbrella which I bought yesterday.2. 基本概念2任何英文句子，不论是短的，长的，其基本架构一定是不变的。也就是主语+动词+必要的宾语或补语，其他的不是用来修饰名词的形容字（短语/从句），就是用来修饰动词、形容词，其他副词或整句的副词字（短语/从句）。英文句子 = 主语 + 动词 + 宾语/补语 形容词 副词 形容词3. 基本概念3除了句子及字句外，还有短语。短语就是超过一个字而没有主语及主要动词的字群就是短语。短语只当一个字看待。1） 形容词短语：A man without friend is unhappy.2） 副词短语：All of a sudden, she fell down.(突然地，她跌倒了。)3） 名词短语：To see is to believe. (百闻不如一见)第二讲：1. 一般而言，英文句子是由两部分构成，即主语以及针对主语的叙述部分。Beesdance. The boys see blue car.youplay.Ispeak Chinese.The appleis red.2. 主语与谓语。主部的中心语词成为主语subject，叙部的中心语词为谓语predicate.A small housestands by the river. （一间小房子建立在河边。）Her little sister is very cute. （她的妹妹很可爱。）3宾语。在叙述部分中，有时会有宾语object。用来表示动词所做动作的对象。可以是名词或代名词。She has many pencils.You buy a pink flower.We all like him.4. 补语。She is sad. 在这句话中，若只有she is，就不是完整的句子，必须要补充某个语词才能完整。有了sad,句子就完整了。像这一类使动词成为完整的语词，称为补语complement. 可以是形容词或名词。She is nurse.He became happy.She seems happy.He became a policeman.That will make her happy.一句话一定会包含主语与谓语，但不一定包含宾语与补语。5修饰语。主语与谓语，经常会有对它们进行修饰的词语，称为修饰语modifier.修饰名词的是形容词，或与其同类的语词。修饰动词的是副词，或与其同类的语词。A big man sits on top of the roof.My little sister will cry if she is hungry.Adam, one of my best friends, came here at seven.The beautiful woman came over here in the afternoon.6. 短语。由两个以上的单字所组合，而附有某种词类的功用者，称为短语。PhraseThey reached the pool by the house. 扮演了形容词的作用，叫做形容词短语。She likes to dance. 名词短语。She was born in America in June, 1950. 副词短语。7从句。属于句子的一部分，却有主意与谓语，称为从句clause. When he goes, she will come. 副词从句The woman who sat on this sofa is Mary. 形容词从句I think that she is polite. 名词从句 从句：主 句 = 句子中心的从句名词 从句 = that 等等形容词从句 = 关系代词开头的从句等副词 从句 = when , if 等。Homework:课后练习。1 翻译题 汉译英。2 翻译课文句子，分别划出不同的句子成分。第三讲：句型根据学过的主语，谓语，宾语，补语的组合，可以分为五中基本形式。1.主语动词The bus leaves at five every morning.The shark can swim fast.My little sister always wakes up at nine.Does she sleep late every day?2. 主语动词补语 补充说明动词的词语，称为补语。Taipei is the capital of Taiwan province.Is Paris the capital of France?She will be nineteen tomorrow.Did she seem angry when you told her?3. 主语动词宾语You know that I have many cats.She likes school.They left the theater.Do you see a handsome boy?She thinks she is very happy.4. 主语动词双宾语在这种句型中的第一个宾语，是用来表示其对象，通常都是表示某人，而第二个宾语是表示其对象，通常都是物品。She asked me a question.He lent me some money.My father showed me his pictures.Did she teach him math yesterday?She gave me a pencil. =she gave a pencil to me.5. 主语动词宾语补语That made them sad.They elected him class leader.She called me princess.Homework:根据不同的句子类型，分别写出两句（52）英语句子，至少十个单词每句。第四讲：句子种类。1 陈述句。如果动词是be, have, 助动词是can, may, must, shall, will时，直接在后面加上not.That is a book. That is not a book.She has a dog. She has not a dog.She can dance. She can not dance.如果是be, have 之外的动词，要把do not/does not, did not摆在动词前面have not 也可以说成do not have.He wants it. He does not want it.She speaks English. She does not speak English.They arrived early. They did not arrive early.He/she 是第三人称单数，do要变成does, 其他动词也要相应变化加-s, 同时注意时态变化加ed/-d, 不规则动词参考不规则动词变化表。2 疑问句。如果有动词be/have时，把它摆在句首。Be/have+主语。Are you a Chinese?Has she any money? / Does she have any money?有can, may, must, shall, will等动词时，要放在句首。Can you sing?Must you go?3. 祈使句。这种句子通常省略主语you, 并且把谓语动词摆在句首。Do it now!Be good.Dont touch that.Dont be lazy!Stand up, please.4. 感叹句。用来表示“惊讶”，“悲伤”，“高兴”等感情的句子。有用what开头的，也有用how 开头的。what + (a) + adjective + n + subj