员工福利待遇_财政学的福利经济学基础1

第二讲财政学的福利经济学基础 规范分析工具 政府的经济活动多种多样 评价种种不同的政府行为的合理性需要有一个一般性框架 财政学领域的大多数专家使用的评价分析框架是福利经济学 本讲介绍福利经济学的基本内容 用以区分哪些情况市场运作自发带来理想结果 哪些情况市场无法产生理想结果 第二讲财政学的福利经济学基础 一 福利经济学 WelfareEconomics 1PureEconomyExchange2ProductionEconomy二 福利经济学第一基本定理三 公平与福利经济学第二基本定理四 市场失败五 福利经济学的局限 一 福利经济学福利经济学 Thebranchofeconomictheoryconcernedwiththesocialdesirabilityofalternativeeconomicstate 1 简单经济交换 没有生产 埃奇沃斯盒形图EdgeworthBox帕累托效率Paretoefficientallocation Nopersoncanbebetteroffwithoutmakinganotherpersonworseoff 帕累托改进Paretoimprovement areallocationofresourcesthatmakesonepersonbetteroffwithoutmakinganyoneelseworseoff 契约曲线Contractcurve thelocusofalltheParetoefficientpoints Paretoefficiencyrequiresthatthemarginalrateofsubstitutionbeequalforallconsumers EdgeworthBox Adeviceusedtodepictthedistributionofgoodsinatwogood twopersonworld 无差异曲线IndifferencecurvesinanEdgeworthBox MakingAdambetteroffwithoutEvebecomingworseoff MakingEvebetteroffwithoutAdambecomingworseoff MakingbothAdamandEvebetteroff Startingfromadifferentinitialpoint EdgeworthBox Adam Eve 0 0 s r Applesperyear Figleavesperyear g p1 p p2 p3 p4 k Contractcurve ThelocusofalltheParetoefficientpoints 契约曲线 EdgeworthBox Adam Eve 0 0 s r Applesperyear Figleavesperyear g p1 p p2 p3 p4 Thecontractcurve ParetoEfficiencyinConsumption消费效率条件 MRSaf MRSaf在纯交换经济下 帕累托效率的实现条件为社会所有成员的边际替代率相等 Adam Eve 2生产经济ProductionEconomy 有生产 有交换 生产可能性曲线Theproductionpossibilitiescurve边际转换率Themarginalrateoftransformation产品组合效率条件Efficiencyconditionswithvariableproduction 生产可能性曲线Productionpossibilitiescurve Agraphthatshowsthemaximumquantityofoneoutputthatcanbeproduced giventheamountoftheotheroutput 斜率 MRS消费者为了多消费一个苹果 愿意放弃几片无花果叶消费者无差异曲线 苹果 无花果叶 EfficiencyConditionswithvariableproduction 边际转换率MarginalRateofTransformation MRTaf MarginalrateoftransformationofapplesforfigleavesMRTaf MCa MCf 帕累托效率条件 MRTaf MRSaf MRSafMCa MCf MRSaf MRSaf Adam Eve Adam Eve 二 福利经济学第一基本定理TheFirstFundamentalTheoremofWelfareEconomics Aslongasproducersandconsumersactasperfectcompetitors thatis takepricesasgiven thenundercertainconditions aParetoefficientallocationofresourcesemerges 只要生产者和消费者扮演完全竞争者的角色 即接受给定的价格 竞争的经济会 自动 实现帕累托有效的资源配置 三 Fairnessandthesecondfundamentaltheoremofwelfareeconomics Ifproperlyfunctioningcompetitivemarketsallocateresourcesefficiently whatroledoesthegovernmenthavetoplayintheeconomy 效率不是决定某种资源配置好坏的惟一标准 即使经济实现了帕累托效率 为了效用分配更加公平 政府仍有必要干预经济 EfficiencyversusEquity EdgeworthBox Adam Eve 0 0 s r Applesperyear Figleavesperyear q p5 p3 效用可能性曲线 Itshowsthemaximumamountofoneperson sutilitygiventheotherindividual sutilitylevel Eve sutility Adam sutility U U p3 q p5 社会无差异曲线SocialIndifferenceCurve Eve sutility Adam sutility W F UAdam UEve Increasingsocialwelfare MaximizingSocialWelfare Eve sutility Adam sutility i ii iii 福利经济学第二基本定理 在完全竞争的市场条件下 政府所要做的事情是改变个人之间禀赋的初始分配状态 其余的一切都可以由市场来解决 每一种具有帕累托效率的资源配置都可以通过市场机制实现 四 市场失败MarketFailure 市场势力MarketPower垄断monopoly市场不存在NonexistenceofMarkets信息不对称asymmetricinformation外部性externality公共商品publicgood Overview TheFirstWelfareTheoremofstatesthataproperlyworkingcompetitiveeconomygeneratesaParetoefficientallocationofresourceswithoutanygovernmentintervention However itisnotobviousthatanefficientallocationofresourcesispersesociallydesirable somearguethatfairnessmustalsobeconsidered Moreover competitionmaynotholdandnotallmarketsmayexistinreal worldeconomies Hence themarket determinedallocationofresourcesisunlikelytobeefficient Thereare thenopportunitiesforgovernmenttointerveneandenhanceeconomicefficiency Overview Thefactthatthemarket generatedallocationofresourcesisimperfectdoesnotnecessarilymeanthegovernmentiscapableofdoingbetter Moreover governments likepeople canmakemistakes 五 福利经济学的局限 Individualisticoutlook WelfareEconomicsisbasedonanindividualisticsocialphilosophy Meritgoods Acommoditythatoughttobeprovidedevenifpeopledonotdemandit Resultsorientation WelfareEconomicsconcernsonlytheresults itdoesnotpaymuchatte