英国文学史-名词解释.doc

名词解释1 Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2 Ballad: a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.3 Heroic Couplet: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter, and written in an elevated style.4 Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.5 Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.6 Blank verse: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.7 Enlightenment: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.8 Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.9 Sentimentalism: it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18th century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason.10 Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.11 Lake Poets: the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.12 Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.13 Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.14 Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.15 Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode.16 Dramatic Monologue: a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.17 Iambic Pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.18 Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.19 Elegy: a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem.20 Canto: a section of a long poem. The cantos can be a great poem21 Ode: a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subjects. Odes are written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.22 Song: a short poem with distinct musical qualities, normally written to be set to music. 23 Lyric: a poem, usually a short one, that expresses a speakers personal thoughts or feelings. The elegy, song and ode are all forms of lyrics.24 Spenserian Stanza: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature.25 Metrical Pattern: a lyric poem of five 14-lined stanzas containing four tercets and a closing couplet. The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee.文学史中古时期1. Beowulf贝奥武甫: the natural epic of the English people; Denmark story, alliteration, metaphor, understatements2. Sir Gawain and Green Knight高文爵士和绿衣骑士3. Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里 乔叟）：the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales埃特伯雷故事集（24stories)文艺复兴时期1. Thomas More: Utopia乌托邦- the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia. 2. Francis Bacon: the first English Essayist; Essays随笔集- Of Studies, Of Truth (philosophical and literary works)3. Thus Wyatt: first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.4. Edmund Spenser: Poets poet; The Fairy Queen仙后(to Queen Elizabeth I)5. William Shakespeare: Sonnet 18(Shall I compare thee to a summers day)四大悲剧：Hamlet (revenge of the Prince HamletKing Lear(年事已高的李尔王意欲把国土分给3个女儿，两个大女儿赢其宠信而瓜分国土，小女儿却因不愿阿谀奉承而一无所得。前来求婚的法兰西国王慧眼识人，娶考狄利娅为皇后。李尔王离位，大女儿和二女儿居然不给其栖身之地，当年的国王只好到荒郊野外。小女儿率队攻入，父女团圆。但战事不利，被杀死，李尔王守着心爱的小女儿的尸体悲痛地死去。Othello(奥赛罗是威尼斯公国一员勇将。他与元老的女儿苔丝狄梦娜相爱。但由于他是黑人，婚事未被允许。两人只好私下成婚。奥赛罗手下有一个阴险的旗官伊阿古，一心想除掉奥赛罗。他先是向元老告密，不料却促成了两人的婚事。他又挑拨奥赛罗与苔丝狄梦娜的感情，说另一名副将凯西奥与苔丝狄梦娜关系不同寻常，并伪造了所谓定情信物等。奥赛罗信以为真，在愤怒中掐死了自己的妻子。当他得知真相后，悔恨之余拔剑自刎，倒在了妻子身边。 Mecbeth（苏格兰国王邓肯的表弟麦克白将军立功归来，路上遇到三个女巫。女巫对他说了一些预言和隐语，说他将进爵为王，但他并无子嗣能继承王位，反而是柯将军的后代要做王。麦克白是有野心的英雄，他在夫人的怂恿下谋杀邓肯，做了国王。而后，他一步步害死了邓肯的侍卫，害死了班柯，害死了贵族麦克德夫的妻子和小孩。恐惧和猜疑使麦克白心里越来越有鬼，也越来越冷酷。麦克白夫人神经失常而自杀，对他也是一大刺激。在众叛亲离的情况下，麦克白面对邓肯之子和他请来的英格兰援军的围攻，落得削首的下场喜剧：A Midsummer Nights Dream仲夏夜之梦，The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人，As You Like It皆大欢喜；Twelfth Night第十二夜悲喜剧：Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶17世纪英国文学1. John Donne: the leading poet of Metaphysical school of poetry; A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning分离：莫忧伤2. John Milton: Paradise Lost失乐园（a revolt against Gods authority), Paradise Regained复乐园（how Christ overcame Santa) stories were taken from Bible3. John Bunyan: the son of Renaissance; Pilgrims Progress天路历程(imagination, shadowing, realistic religious allegory)18世纪英国文学Novel：1. the age of reason, classicism, sentimentalism and romanticism (novels, prose, dramas, poetry)2. Daniel Defoe: representative of English realistic novel; Robinson Crusoe鲁滨逊漂流记(the development of a young man from a naive and artless youth to a clever and hardened man)3. Jonathan Swift: Gullivers Travels格列佛游记(fictional, satirical- human nature, the European Government, the differences between religions, whole English state system)4. Henry Fielding: the Father of English novel; The History of Tome Jones, a Foundling 汤姆 琼斯，satiric Poetry：5. Thomas Gray: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌6. Alexander Pope: perfected in heroic couplet; An Essay on Criticism论批评7. William Blake: pre-romantic; Songs of Innonce天真之歌，Songs of Experience经验之歌-London, The Tiger8. Robert Burns: A Red Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰Drama:9. Richard Brinsley Sheridan:Master of Comedy of manners;The School for Scandal造谣学校浪漫主义时期1798-18321. William Wordsworth: the Lake Poets; The Prelude序曲；I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud我似流云天自游；The Solitary Reaper孤寂的割麦女；features: poet of nature and human heart2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: the first critic of the Romantic school; The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子咏3. George Gordon Byron: vigorous, strong and beautiful; Childe Harolds Pilgrimage恰尔德 哈罗尔德游记(spenserian stanza, fights for liberty); Don Juan唐 璜(a broad critical picture of European life); When We Two Parted昔日依依别；She Walks in Beauty她走在美的光影中；The Isles of Greece哀希腊4. Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind西风颂-赞颂西风，希望与其紧密相连; Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯(the victory for mans struggle against tyranny and oppression)5. John Keats: sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery; Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂；Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂6. Walter Scott: Father of Historical Novel; combine historical fact and romantic imagination7. Jane Austen: wit, dry humour, subtle irony,realistic; Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见(Elizabeth and Darcy)；Sense and Sensibility理智与情感；Emma爱玛8. Charles Lamb: Poor Relations穷亲戚; Dream-children童年梦幻; A Reverie幻想曲维多利亚时期1. summit： realistic novel2. Charles Dickens: critical realist writer; humour, wit, happy endings; A Tale of Two Cities双城记(London & Paris, where there is oppression, there is revolution); David Copperfield大卫 科波菲尔；Oliver Twist雾都孤儿；Hard Time艰难时世；Great Expectations远大前程； Dombey and Son董贝父子；Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传3. William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair名利场(to satirize the social more, decadence and corruption of his time; to criticize the values measured by wealth)4. George Eliot: novelist, her novels are celebrated for their realism and psychological insights; Adam Bede亚当 比德(social inequality)；The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊； Silas Marner织工马南5. Alfred Tennyson: succeeded Wordsworth as Poet Laureate in 1850; Break, Break, Break拍吧，拍吧，拍吧；Crossing the Bar过沙洲6. Robert Browning: dramatic monologues; My Last Duchess我已故的公爵夫人7. The Bronte Sisters:Charlotte: Jane Eyre简爱：简爱是一个心地纯洁、善于思考的女性，她生活在社会底层，受尽磨难。但她有倔强的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神。小说以浓郁抒情的笔法和深刻细腻的心理描写，引人入胜地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的爱情经历，歌颂了摆脱一切旧习俗和偏见。扎根于相互理解、相互尊重的基础之上的深挚爱情，具有强烈的震撼心灵的艺术力量。