阅读理解方法技巧.doc

阅读技能训练1. 阅读速度与效果阅读理解测试的成功与否取决于两个方面：理解与速度。阅读技巧也可以分做两个方面：关于理解的技巧和关于速度的技巧。在进行快速阅读时，读者的视线不是顺着字逐个词的移动，而应是跳跃式的前进，从一点跳向另一点。有时是大幅度地往前跳，有时还稍稍往后跳。目光在跳动时看不清书页上任何单词，只有当其停顿时才能看得清楚。我们来看这样一个句子：Perhaps you have seen very young children learning to read. 目光扫到第二个单词you的时候，即使眼睛盯住了中间的字母o, 仍能看到单词you 两边perhaps 和have。当目光落到children 这个词的时候， 也可能同时看到它两边的young 和 learning。 实际上，我们是用眼睛的余光延及children两边的young 和 learning。一个优秀的读者比普通读者眼睛扫描的范围大，所以阅读的速度就快。严格地说，一个人的视幅是有限的，眼睛一次停顿所看到的单词不可能超过3个。扩大扫描范围的诀窍在于扩大眼光跳跃的间距。聪明的读者在阅读时下意识地跳过了一些词，这样“扫描范围”就大，速度自然就快了，但这并不一定会影响对文字的理解。阅读，就其实质而言，是捕捉信息的活动。作者通过文字表达自己的思想观点，但是并不是每个单词，每个句子都传达了同样的信息。在一篇文字中，有的单词只是结构符号，有的只传递辅助信息，有的句子不过是赘言重复，有的甚至是废话。略去这些冗余的词句，文章所表达的思想不会受多大影响。试看下面两段文字：Hundreds (of species of) marine life manage (to) survive (even in the) darkest depths (of the) ocean. (These) tenants (of the deep have) evolved (some extremely ingenious) devices (for) locating (their) food (and) enemies.(Every) animal (is a) living radiatorheat formed (in its) cells (is) given (off through its) skin. Warm-blooded (animals) maintain (a) steady temperature (by constantly) replacing (lost surface) heat; smaller (animals), (which have more skin for every ounce of body weight, must) produce heat faster than (bigger ones). Because (smaller animals) burn fuel faster, (scientists say they) live faster.括号中的词语，有的只有语法功能，有的只传递次要信息，因而不注意或少注意这些词语仍能基本了解该段文字的大意。知道了英语的这一规律，在阅读中就可以大胆地跳过那些只有语法功能而无实际意义的冠词、副词、也可以尽量减少目光在它们身上停留的时间。这样，就可以把注意力集中在具有关键作用和实际意义的名词和动词上，收到事办功倍的效果。阅读既然是一项捕捉信息的活动，那么，科学地、合理地利用眼睛运动的规律来进行有效的阅读就显得十分重要了。要提高阅读速度，读者应做的第一个努力就是要学会扩大眼睛扫描的范围：从单词过渡到意群，从意群逐步过渡到句子，最终提高到段落，这就是所谓的“一目十行”。读者要做的第二个努力是尽量缩短目光停留的时间，尤其在那些传达信息较少的词语上更要减少停留，以便提高目光移动的频率。目光移动的频率越高，单位时间里的阅读量就越大。因此，在阅读过程中，千万别被个别的疑难词句粘住，应该义无返顾地继续读下去。快速阅读根据阅读的目的可分成浏览或略读（skimming）和查读（scanning）两种方法。（1） 略读略读是指以尽可能快的速度获取文章的大意或中心思想。它要求读者有选择地进行阅读，可以有意识地略过一些词语、句子甚至段落，也可以有意识地不求甚解。在浏览中，理解率达到50%即可，而在正常的阅读中，理解率应达到70%至80%。略读主要有3个用途：1）用于浏览。先将文章粗略地扫视一下，看看文章大概讲的是什么内容，自己是否感兴趣，难易程度如何。2）用于仔细阅读前的预习。快速地了解文章的大概内容，给随后的细读指示方向，例如该文的重点在哪里，哪些段落和句子对自己理解文章或答题有用。3）用于复习。对于已读过的材料，为了加深记忆，需要再看一遍，迅速熟悉其中内容。略读时要注意以下的技巧：1） 文章的题目和文中的小标题预测文章的大意。2） 重阅读文章的首段和末段，在段落中则注意首段的主题句和段尾的结论句。3） 词或斜体词，这些词常常表示强调或有特殊含义。4） 注意关联词，它们对了解作者的观点和语气至关重要。如表示顺序的firstly、secondly、on the one hand、on the other hand等；表示递进的moreover、in addition、whats more等；表示转折的but yet however等。略读下面两段，掌握段落大意。 No single adjective is adequate to describe the size of the blue whale, and few people realize how it compares with other mammals. By any standard, it is the largest creature known to man. To be specific, one of its fins, called a fluke, would fill the cargo space of the average dump truck. Although its skull is the size and weight of a car, its brain is only the size of a carburetor. Its heart is so large that five strong men would be needed to lift it, while its skin could be used as a tarpaulin to cover half a football field. Every person in Boston could be supplied with a whale-burger, and a pretty good one, too, from the meat of one blue whale. Combine the weight of 100 horses, 100 dairy cows, and 100 Indian elephants and you would arrive at the weight of one female blue whale. Fortunately for the whale, its watery environment has protected it from the extinction suffered by the dinosaur millions of years ago.1. Which sentence best expresses the main idea?A. Although the blue whale is enormous, its brain is very small.B. The meat of the blue whale is one of the tastiest meats known to man.C. Female blue whales are larger than males.D. The blue whale is one of natures largest and most fascinating wonders.2. The author develops his main idea by _.A. giving the reasons for its enormous growthB. using descriptive adjectivesC. comparing its size to known objectsD. defining its watery environment3. The paragraph could be entitled “_”.A. A Close Look at the Blue WhaleB. Useful Products from the Blue WhaleC. Mammals of the DeepD. The Survival of the Blue Whale Sometimes certain eras or events from our past receive little or no attention. This might be because there is little information available on these subjects, or because the subjects are controversial or shameful, and we are reluctant to face them. But when we ignore or deny a part of our past, we fail to learn the lessons that history can teach us, and we neglect people who are part of that history. These peopleand their historycan become “invisible”, and in time we can forget that they ought to be part of what we think of as history.4. What is the authors main point?A. History tends to repeat itself.B. Historians should not write about disputed matters.C. More people should study history.D. No part of history should be ignored.5. It can be inferred from the passage that best motivation for studying history is to _.A. learn from its past lessonsB. appreciate the perspectives of writers of historical textsC. become more well-rounded studentsD. compare the life styles of major historical characters6. The author implies that the work of historians would be more valuable if they _.A. asked current world leaders to write down their views of historyB. included accounts of unpleasant events in their textsC. wrote psychological discussions about incidents in historyD. emphasized a biographical viewpoint in history books答案：1. D 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. B（2） 查读 查读是快速寻找某一特殊信息的阅读方法。搜寻某个信息时，应把要求回答的问题记在心中，根据问题及问题的选择项，有的放矢地在文中查找某个具体的信息，如时间、地点、人名、事件、数字等。应凭借跟信息有关的词语，迅速判断所要寻找的的信息量可能隐藏在哪里。在查找信息时，视线虽略过书页，但并不是真正的阅读。 查读的目的非常明确，即找到所需要的信息。信息一旦被找到，查读即告结束，读者就应该认真细读分析了。 考试中的阅读理解，因为有规定的时间限制，既要求准确又要求快速，一般可使用略读和查读相结合的方法，略去无关紧要的词句和细节，省掉语法分析，着重理解主题思想和主要事实，进而做出推理和结论。对待难易程度适宜的文章，建议采取以下步骤答题。1） 审题、浏览全文及文后的问题和各题的选择项。这样做，可以略知全文的梗概，但更重要的是可以带着问题有目的地阅读，避免在无关的词句细节上做不必要的纠缠。2） 边读边作答。通常，试题是按照内容的先后提问的，读者可带着问题去找答案。对问题有关的内容细看，对问题无关的内容就略读，甚至可以不看。凡是词义题、事实细节和段落大意题等，都可以这样处理。3） 解难题。通常每篇短文都有12个判断推论题或作者观点态度题，做这种题目切忌以先入之见或主观臆断想当然地作答。考生必须忠实于原文的有关部分，以文中信息为依据，经过分析、推论，得出正确的答案。 先看下面两段中的问题，然后快速查读，找出答案。 An election year is one in which all four numbers are evenly divisible by four (1944, 1948, etc.). Since 1840, American presidents elected in years ending in zero have been destined to die in office. William H. Harrison, the man who served the shortest term, died of pneumonia several weeks after the inauguration. Abraham Lincoln was one of four presidents who were assassinated. He was elected in 1860, and his untimely death came just five years later. James A. Garfield, a former Union army general from Ohio, was shot during his first year in office (1881) by a man to whom he wouldnt give a job. While in his second term of office (1901), William McKinley, another Ohioan, attended the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, New York. During the reception, he was assassinated while shaking hands with some of guests. Three years after his election in 1920, Warren G. Harding died in office. Although it was never proved, many believe he was poisoned. Franklin D. Roosevelt had been elected four times (1932, 1936, 1940, and 1944), the only man to serve so long a term. He had contracted polio in 1921 and died of the illness in 1945. John F. Kennedy, the last of the line, was assassinated in 1963, only three years after his election.1. Which of the following was NOT an election year?A. 1960.B. 1930.C. 1888.D. 1824.2. Which president served the shortest term in office?A. Abraham Lincoln.B. Warren G. Harding.C. William McKinley.D. William H. Harrison.3. Which of the following is true?A. All presidents elected in years ending in zero have died in office.B. Only presidents from Ohio have died in office.C. Franklin D. Roosevelt completed four terms as president.D. Four American presidents have been assassinated.4. How many presidents elected in years ending in zero since 1840 have died in office?A. Seven.B. Five.C. Four.D. Three.5. Which of the following was NOT assassinated?A. John F. Kennedy.B. Franklin D. Roosevelt.C. Abraham Lincoln.D. James A. Garfield.The Stone Age was a period of history which began in approximately 2 million B.C. and lasted until 3000 B. C. its name was derived from the stone tools and weapons that modern scientists found. This period was divided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic Ages. During the first period (2 million B.C. to 800 B.C.), the first hatchet and the use of fire for heating and cooking were developed. As a result of the Ice Age, which evolved about 1 million years into the Paleolithic Age, people were forced to seek shelter in caves, wear clothing, and develop new tools. During the Mesolithic Age (8000 B. C. to 6000 B. C.) people made crude pottery and the first fish books, took dogs for hunting, and developed a bow and arrow, which was used until the fourteenth century A.D. The Neolithic Age (6000 B. C. to 3000 B. C.) saw humankind domesticating sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle, being less nomadic than in previous eras, establishing permanent settlements, and creating governments. 6. Into how many periods was the Stone Age divided?A. Two.B. Three.C. Four.D. Five.7. Which of the following was developed earliest?A. The fish book. B. The first hatchet.C. The bow and arrow.D. Pottery.8. Which of the following developments is not related to the condition of the Ice Age?A. Farming.B. Clothing.C. Living indoors.D. Using fire.9. Which period lasted the longest?A. The Paleolithic.B. The Ice Age.C. The Mesolithic.D. The Neolithic.ExerciseLaziness is a sin, everyone knows that. We have probably all had lectures pointing out that laziness is immoral, that it is wasteful, and that lazy people will never amount to anything in life. But laziness can be more harmful than that, and it is often caused by more complex reasons than simple wish to avoid work. Some people who appear to be lazy are suffering from much more serious problems. They may be so distrustful of their fellow workers that they are unable to join in any group task for fear of ridicule(讥笑) or fear of having their ideas stolen. These people who seem lazy may be paralyzed by a fear of failure that prevents fruitful work. Or other sorts of fantasies may prevent work. Some people are so busy planning , sometimes planning great deals or fantastic achievements, that they are unable to deal with whatever “lesser” work is on hand. Still other people are not avoiding work; strictly speaking, they are merely procrastinatingrescheduling their way. Nevertheless, laziness can actually be helpful. Like procrastinators, some people may look lazy when they are really thinking, planning, contemplating, researching. We should all remember that some great scientific discoveries occurred by chance or while some one was “goofing off”. Newton wasnt working in the orchard when the apple hit him and devised the theory of gravity. All of us would like to have someone “lazy” build the car or stove we buy, particularly if that “laziness” were caused by the workers taking time to check each step of his work and to do his job right. And sometimes being “lazy”that is, taking time off for a rest is good for the overworked students or executive. Taking a rest can be particularly helpful to the athlete who is trying too hard or the doctor whos simply working himself overtime too many evenings at the clinic. So be careful when youre tempted to call someone lazy. That person may be thinking, or planning his or her next book.1. The main idea of this passage is that _. A. laziness is a moral sinB. there are advantages and disadvantages in being lazyC. laziness is the sign of deep seated emotional problemsD. lazy people do more careful work2. The passage states that _ .A. laziness is a diseaseB. some people appear lazy because they are insecureC. laziness is more beneficial than harmfulD. a good definition of laziness is emotional illness3. Which of the following conclusion does the passage support? _A. The word laziness is sometimes applied incorrectly.B. Most of the time laziness is a virtue.C. People should be lazy.D. Most insecure people are lazy.4. The finial paragraph is _ .A. philosophical B. humorous C. seriousD. commonsense5. As used in this passage, the phrase “goofing off” means _.A. thinking deeplyB. having a discussion with someoneC. waiting for some accident to occurD. spending time aimlesslyLanguage is, and should be, a living thing, constantly enriched with new words and forms of expression. But there is a vital distinction between good developments, which add to the language, enabling us to say things we could not say before, and bad developments, which subtract from the language by rendering it less precise. A vivacious, colorful use of words is not to be confused with mere slovenliness. The kind of slovenliness in which some professionals deliberately indulge is perhaps akin to the cult of the unfinished work, which has eroded most of the arts in our time. And the true answer to it is the same that art is enhanced, not hindered, by discipline. You cannot carve satisfactorily in butter.The corruption of written English has been accompanied by an even sharper decline in the standard of spoken English. We speak very much less well than was common among educated Englishmen a generation or two ago.The modern theatre has played a baneful part in dimming our appreciation of language. Instead of the immensely articulate dialogue of, for example, Shaw (who was also very insistent on good pronunciation), audiences are now subjected to streams of barely literate trivia., often designed, only too well, to exhibit “lack of communication”, and larded with the obscenities and grammatical errors of the intellectually impoverished. Emily Post once advised her readers: “The theatre is the best possible place to hear correctly enunciated speech.” Also, no more. One young actress was recently reported to be taking lessons in how to speak badly, so that she should fit in better. But the BBC is the worst traitor. After years of very successfully helping to raise the general standard of spoken English, it suddenly went into reverse. As the head of the Pronunciation Unit coyly put it: “In the 1960s the BBC opened the field to a much wider range of speakers.” To hear a BBC disc jockey talking to the latest ape is a truly shocking experience of verbal squalor. And the prospect seems to be of even worse to come. School teachers are actively encouraged to ignore little Johnnys incoherent grammar, atrocious spelling and haphazard punctuation, because worrying about such things might inhibit his creative genius.6. The writer relates linguistic slovenliness to tendencies in the arts today, in than both _.A. occasionally aim at a certain degree of fluidityB. from time to time show concern for the finishing touchC. appear to shun perfectionD. may make use of economical short cuts7. What does the writer say has happened to spoken English today? _A. Writing problems are not reflected in poor oral expression.B. On the whole, people dont mind making mistakes.C. Educated Englishmen now are less communicative than they were in the past.D. Like written English, it has undergone a noticeable change for the better.8. What effect is the modern theatre said to have had on language? _A. It has become an important factor in reform.B. It has made us more aware of subtleties in language.C. It has exerted a welcome and positive influence.D. It has had a ruinous effect.9. The author says that the dialogue in Shaws plays is noted for _.A. refined presentation of Shaws ideasB. remarkable outspokennessC. being outstandingly well expressedD. insistence on good pronunciation10. Many modern plays, the author finds, contain speeches which _.A. are incoherent and linguistically objectionableB. are far too difficult for most people to followC. unintentionally shock the audienceD. deliberately try to hide the play writers intellectual inadequaciesTrees have a spectacular record. Over a period of more than 400 million years, they have evolved as the tallest, most massive, and longest-lived organisms ever to inhabit the Earth. Yet trees lack a means of defense that almost every animal has: trees cannot move away from destructive forces. Because they cannot move, all types of living and nonmoving enemiesfire, storms, microorganisms, insects, other animals and, later, humanshave wounded them throughout their history. Trees have survived because their evolution has made them into highly compartmented organisms; that is, they wall off injured and infected wood.In that respect trees are radically different from animals. Fundamentally, animals heal: they preserve their life by making billions of repairs, installing new cells in positions of old one. Trees cannot heal: they make no repairs. Instead, they defend themselves from the consequences of injury and infection by walling off the damage. At the same time they put new cells in new positions; in effect, they grow a new tree over the old one every year. The most obvious results of the process are growth rings, which are visible on the cross section of a trunk, a root, or a branch.11. The authors main purpose in this article is to explain _.A. the life cycle of a tree.B. the wa6y trees survive.C. the importance of trees to human progress.D. the dangers trees face from natural disasters.12. The author describes trees as all of the following EXCEPT _.A. tall B. greenC. massive