【精品】论文范本mla-teacher---合同课件

WritingResearchPapers October16 2008 inMLAStyle TheMLA Introductiontothecommonlyusedstyleguides e g MLA APA ChicagoFootnoteStyle etc TheMLA TheModernLanguageAssociationofAmerica usuallyreferredtoassimplyModernLanguageAssociationorMLA istheprincipalprofessionalassociationintheUnitedStatesforscholarsoflanguageandliterature TheMLAwasfoundedin1883asadiscussionandadvocacygroupforthestudyofliteratureandmodernlanguages thatis allbutclassicallanguagessuchasancientLatinandGreek Theassociationaimsto strengthenthestudyandteachingoflanguageandliterature Reportedly ithas 30 000membersin100countries primarilyacademicscholars professors andgraduatestudentswhostudyorteachlanguageandliterature includingEnglish othermodernlanguages andcomparativeliterature AlthoughfoundedintheUnitedStates withofficeslocatedinNewYorkCity theMLA smembership concerns reputation andinfluenceareinternationalinscope TheMLAStyle TheMLApublishesseveralacademicjournals includingPMLA oneofthemostprestigiousjournalsinliterarystudies andProfession whichdiscussestheprofessionalissuesfacedbyteachersoflanguageandliterature TheassociationalsopublishestheMLAHandbookforWritersofResearchPapers nowinitssixthedition aguidethatisgearedtowardhighschoolandundergraduatestudents TheMLAStyleManualisgearedtowardgraduatestudents scholars andprofessionalwriters TheMLAproducesthelong standingprintandonlinedatabase MLAInternationalBibliography thestandardbibliographyinlanguageandliterature TheMLAalsosponsorsaradioprogram What stheWord thatshowshowthestudyoflanguageandliteratureenrichespeople slives Theprogramcoversawiderangeoftopics TheAPAStyle APAstyleisaWidelyacceptedformatforwritingresearchpapers especiallyinsocialsciences bytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation APA APAstyleisofficiallydefinedinThePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation nowinitsfifthedition ThestylelistssourcesattheendofthepaperonaReferencesPage usesparentheticalcitationwithinthetext listingtheauthor sname theyeartheworkwasmade andthepagethattheinformationmaybefoundon Thestyleforbidsauthorstonumbertheirsectionheadings acommonpracticeinsciencejournalsthatpermitscrossreferencing APAstylealsorequirescitedauthorstobeidentifiedjustbytheirinitials asin J A Smith ratherthan JoanA Smith sometimes makingithardforreaderstolookupreferences TheChicagoStyle TheChicagoStyle sometimescalledtheChicagoFootnoteStyle isahighlyregardedstyleguideforAmericanEnglish dealingwithquestionsofstyle manuscriptpreparation and toalesserdegree usage ItsstyleguideisTheChicagoManualofStyle CMS publishedbytheUniversityofChicagoPressinits15thedition Indeed becauseofitssharpanalysesofextremelyintricatemattersofpunctuationandusage itisusedbypublishinghousesallovertheEnglish speakingworld andisincreasinglyregardedasauthoritativefortheEnglishpublishingcommunityingeneral Somesocialsciencesandhumanitiesscholars especiallyhistoryandtheology usethisstyle AnobviousdifferenceoftheChicagoStylefromtheMLAorAPAisthatitallowsforfootnotesorendnotesinsteadoftheinlinecitations TheCBEstyle TheCouncilofBiologyEditors CBE styleformat ThestyleguideTheCBEManualforAuthors Editors andPublishersisveryinfluentialandpopularforscientificpapers TheCBEwasestablishedin1957bytheNationalScienceFoundation anindependentUnitedStatesgovernmentagencyresponsibleforsupportingbasicscienceresearch andtheAmericanInstituteofBiologicalSciences In1999theorganizationvotedtochangeitsnametoCouncilofScienceEditors CSE Thechangebecameeffectiveon1January2000 TheTurabianStyle TheguideisbasedontheCMS nearlyidenticalwithorasimplifiedsubstituteoftheChicagoStyle ThefulltitleofthestylemanualisAManualforWritersofTermPapers Theses andDissertations butitisusuallyreferredtobythelastnameofitsauthor KateL Turabian whodevelopeditfortheUniversityofChicago Turabian skeycontrastwiththeMLAorAPAstyleisthatitwasdevelopedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingusedinpaperswrittenforaclassandnotforpublication TheBluebook ThestyleguidedevelopedbyseveralelitelawschoolsledbyHarvardtraditionallyusedinAmericanacademiclegalwriting ThedominanceoftheBluebookiscurrentlybeingchallengedbythenewerALWDCitationManual compiledbytheAssociationofLegalWritingDirectorsinits2ndedition Citationsinthetwoformatsareroughlysimilar UndertheBluebooksystem thetypestylesusedincitationsfoundinacademiclegalarticles alwaysfootnoted areverydifferentfromthoseusedincitationswithincourtdocuments alwayscitedinline WhiletheALWDsystemfollowsthestandardconventionoffootnoteswithinacademicarticlesandinlinecitationsincourtdocuments itrejectstheBluebook sinsistenceonusingdifferenttypestylesinthetwoclassesofdocuments TheColumbiaStyle DetailedguidelinesforcitinginternetsourcesmadebyJaniceR WalkerandToddTaylorinTheColumbiaGuidetoOnlineStyle ColumbiaStyleoffersmodelsforboththehumanitiesandthesciences Now WalkerandTaylorhaveexpandedtheoriginalstylesheetintoacomprehensiveyetuser friendlyguide Inadditiontoprovidingrulesforcitation theyalsogivecompleteguidelinesforformattingdocumentsforonlinepublicationandforelectronicallypreparingtextsforprintpublication WorkingasaninterdisciplinarytemplatethatcanbeappliedtoavarietyofalreadyestablishedstyleguidessuchasAPA Chicago andMLA itoffersadvicethatcanbeadaptedtowhicheverstyleaparticulardiscipline instructor colleague journal editor orpublisherhasselected TheMHRAStyleGuide TheModernHumanitiesResearchAssociationstyleformat Itismostoftenusedintheartsandhumanities particularlyintheUnitedKingdomwheretheModernHumanitiesResearchAssociation MHRA isbased TheMHRAisaninternationalorganizationthataimstoencourageandpromoteadvancedstudyandresearchofhumanities TheMHRAstyleisfairlysimilartotheMLAstyle butwithsomedifferences Thestyleguideusesfootnotesthatfullyreferenceacitationandhasabibliographyattheend Itsmajoradvantageisthatareaderdoesnotneedtoconsultthebibliographytofindareferenceasthefootnoteprovidesallthedetails TheACSStyleGuide FormattingguidedevelopedbytheAmericanChemicalSociety ACS forthepublicationofscientificpapersinitsjournals TheACS foundedin1876 isalearnedsociety professionalassociation basedintheUnitedStatesthatsupportsscientificinquiryinthefieldofchemistry Itspublicationsdivisionproducessometwodozenfirst ratescholarlyjournals theoldestofthem JournaloftheAmericanChemicalSociety wasestablishedabout130yearsago andseveralbookseries TheAmericanChemicalSocietyalsosponsorstheUnitedStatesNationalChemistryOlympiad USNCO acontestusedtoselectthefour memberteamthatrepresentstheUnitedStatesattheInternationalChemistryOlympiad IChO TheLancet AformattingguidelineforelectronicsubmissionofrevisedmanuscriptsforresearchandotherarticlesforsubmissionforTheLancet oneoftheoldestandmostrespectedpeer reviewedmedicaljournals publishedweeklybytheLancetPublishingGroup Itisnamedafterthesurgicalinstrumentcalledalancet TheLancethasasignificantreadershipthroughouttheworldwithahighimpactfactorandisconsideredtobeoneofthetopfive the core generalmedicaljournals theothersbeingtheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation theBritishMedicalJournalandtheCanadianMedicalAssociationJournal NatureformattingGuide ManuscriptformattingguideforpreparingresearcharticlesandlettersforNaturecontributions Natureisoneoftheoldestandmostreputablescientificjournals firstpublishedonNovember4 1869 Althoughmostscientificjournalsarenowhighlyspecialized Natureisalmostunique alongwithotherjournalssuchasScienceandProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences PNAS isstillpublishingoriginalresearcharticlesacrossawiderangeofscientificfields Researchscientistsaretheprimaryaudienceforthejournal HavinganarticlepublishedinNature anditsclosestcompetitor Science isveryprestigious andthearticlesareoftenhighlycited leadingtopromotions grantfunding andattentionfromthemainstreammedia PartII ThispartaddressestheformatofaresearchpaperintheMLAstyle Componentpartsofapaper Afull blownresearchpaperintheMLAstyleconsistsofthefollowing7parts 1 Titlepage2 Outline3 Abstract4 Textofthepaper 5 Contentnotes6 Appendixes7 Workscited Items4and7arealwaysrequiredforapaperintheMLAstyle Usetheotheritemstomeettheneedsofyourresearch TitlePage Ifyouincludeprefatorymatter suchasanoutlineand orabstract youneedaseparatetitlepage Employseparatelineswithcentereddivisionsforthetitle author courseidentification instructoranddate Thetitleshouldnotbeunderlinedorwritteninallcapitalletters Capitalizeonlythefirstandprincipalwords Titlesmightendwithaquestionmarkoranexclamationmarkifthatisappropriate butnotinaperiod Publishedworksthatappearaspartofyourtitleshouldbeitalicized books orplacedinquotationmarks shortstories Useaninvertedpyramidtobalancetwoormorelines Placeyourfullnameinthecenterofthepage Theseparatetitlepagebearsnopagenumber Printaborderonthispage ifyousodesire butnotonanyotherpages Outline Aformaloutlineclassifiestheissuesofyourstudyintoclear logicalcategorieswithmainheadingsandoneormorelevelsofsubheadings Notallpapersrequiretheformaloutline nordoallresearchersneedone IncludeanoutlineforapaperinMLAstyleonlyifyourinstructorrequiresit Therearetwotypesofoutlines thesentenceoutlineandatopicoutline Thesentenceoutlinerequiresfullsentencesforeachheadingandsubheading whileatopicoutlinemayusenounphrases gerundphrasesorinfinitivephrases Nomatterwhichtypeyouuse youshouldfollowitconsistentlythroughouttheoutline NumberyouroutlinewithsmallRomannumerals continuingthepaginationofyourtitlepage whichisregardedasPage1 butbearsnopagenumber atthetopright handcornerofthepagejustafteryourlastname e g Johnsonii Thesis Thethesisisasinglecompletedeclarativesentenceintheaffirmativethatexpressesyourmainpointofviewtowardyourtopic thatis theguidelinetoyourpaper Thethesisisanintegralpartoftheoutline However youshouldnotlabelthethesisasItemIintheoutline Otherwise youmaysearchfruitlesslyforparallelideastoputinII III andIV Placethethesisatthebeginningofyouroutline Outlinechecklist Makesurethethesisisasinglecompletedeclarativesentenceintheaffirmative Standardoutlinesymbols I A 1 a 1 a Useparallelstructuresfortheheadingsofthesamerankandsubheadingsoflikerankandarrangetheheadingsandsubheadingsinlogicalorder Subjectsinaresearchpaperseldomcarrybeyondsubheadingsofthirddegree Useeitherthesentenceoutlineortopicoutlineconsistently Avoidsinglesubdivisions Ifthereisamajorpointmarked I theremustbeatleastanothermarked II ifthereisan A theremustbea B andsoon AvoidusingChinesecharacters suchas 一 二 andsoonasoutlinesymbols AvoidusingChinesepunctuationmarks suchas inyourEnglishoutline Abstract IncludeanabstractforapaperinMLAstyleonlyifyourinstructorrequiresit Anabstractprovidesabriefdigestofthepaper sessentialideasinabout100words Lester175 Tothatend borrowfromyourintroduction usesomeofthetopicsentencesfromyourparagraphs anduseoneortwosentencesfromyourconclusion Rememberthattheabstractisusuallyreadfirstandmaybetheonlypartread therefore makeitaccurate specific objective andself containedsothatitmakessensealonewithoutreferencestothemaintext Abstract Youmayalsoplacetheabstractonaseparatepagebetweentheoutlineandthefirstpageoftext NumberyourabstractwithsmallRomannumerals continuingthepaginationofyouroutlineatthetopright handcornerofthepagejustafteryourlastname e g Johnsoniii Textofpaper Structurallyspeaking apaperhasanintroduction bodyandconclusion butdonotlabelthesepartsassuch Ingeneral youshouldnotusesubtitlesornumbereddivisionsforpaper evenifitbecomes20pageslong Instead usecontinuousparagraphingwithoutsubdivisionsorheadingsinMLAstyle Lester175 176 Someotherstyles andsomescientificandbusinessreportsrequiresubheads Theparagraphsoughttobeaboutone halfpageinlengthorlonger foraformalpaper NumberyourtextpageswithArabicnumerals beginningwith 1 atthetopright handcornerofthepagejustafteryourlastname e g Johnson1 unlessanonymityisrequired inwhichcaseyoumayuseashortenedversionofyourtitleratherthanyourlastname ContentEndnote Labelaseparatepagewiththeword Notes centeredatthetopandcontinuethepaginationfromthetext NumberthenotesinArabicnumeralswiththecorrespondingsuperscriptnumerals 1 inyourtext Indentthefirstlineofeachentry0 74cmandbeginningthecorrespondingentrywithanArabicnumeralandadot 1 Eachsuperscriptnumeralshouldfollowimmediatelythematerialtowhichitreferswithnospacebetweenthesuperscriptnumeralandawordormarkofpunctuation SourcesmentionedinendnotesmustappearinyourWorksCitedeveniftheyarenotmentionedinthetext Useacontentnotetoexplainresearchproblems conflictsinthetestimonyoftheexperts mattersofimportancethatarenotgermanetoyourdiscussion interestingtidbits credittopeopleandsourcesnotmentionedinthetext andothertangentialmattersthatyouthinkwillinterestthereaders Appendix Placeadditionalmaterial ifnecessary inanappendix Itisthelogicallocationfornumeroustablesandillustrations computerdata questionnaireresults complicatedstatistics mathematicalproofs ordetaileddescriptionsofspecialequipment Continueyourpagenumberingsequenceintheupperrightcornerofthesheet fromtheNotes e g Johnson16 Centertheheading Appendix atthetop Ifyouhavemorethanoneappendix use AppendixA AppendixB andsoforth WorksCited Centertheheading WorksCited atthetop Continuethepagenumberingsequenceintheupperrightcorner fromtheAppendix e g Johnson17 Setthefirstlineofeachentryflushleftandindentsubsequentlines0 74cm Ifyoursoftwaresupportsit usethehangingindent Acknowledgement Generally acknowledgementsareunnecessaryforanundergraduateresearchpaper Acknowledgeneitheryourinstructornortypistforresearchpapers thoughsuchacknowledgementsarestandardwithgraduatethesesanddissertations Useasuperscriptreferencenumeraltoyourfirstsentenceandthenplaceanyacknowledgementsorexplanationsinacontentendnoteifyoufeelobligedtodoso Acknowledgementsareusuallygiveninupright notitalictext Citationstyle ThispartdealswiththecitationstyleofaresearchpaperintheMLAstyle Citationstyle I BlendingReferenceMaterialintothePaperAnimportantreasonforwritingtheresearchpaperistogatherandpresentsourcematerialonatopic soitonlyfollowsthatyoushoulddisplaythosesourcesprominentlyinyourwriting Yourin textcitationsshouldconformtostandardsoftheMLAstyle Thisstylegovernspapersinliterature Englishusage andforeignlanguages TheMLAstyleputsgreatemphasisuponthewriter askingforthefullnameofthescholar Inallstyles oneofyourprimarytasksistoblendyoursourcematerialintoyourwritingwithunityandcoherence Thatis quotation paraphrase andSummary togetherwithyourpersonalnotesandfieldnotes mustexplainandsupportyourparagraph stopicsentence Citationstyle II BeginningwiththeAuthor EndingwithaPageNumberTryalwaystousethisstandardcitationbecauseitinformsthereaderofthebeginningandtheendofborrowedmaterialsandkeepyourin textcitationsasbriefaspossiblebecausetheWorksCitedlistwillhavefullinformation asshownhere Videogamesforchildrenhaveopponentsandadvocates GracePaleydefendsvideogamesbychildren Shestates Thementalgymnasticsofvideogamesandthecompetitionwithfellowplayersareimportanttoyoungchildrenandtheirphysical social andmentaldevelopment 45 RandallKenanstatesthattheuseofvideogamesbychildrenimprovestheirhandandeyecoordination 90 Citationstyle III PageNumberImmediatelyaftertheNameSometimes notesattheendofaquotationmakesitexpeditioustoplacethepagenumberafterthenameofsource Alexander 60 urgescarmakersto directtheforceofautomotiveairbagsupwardagainstthewindshield emphasisadded Citationstyle IV NameandPageNumberattheEndAsanalternative youmayputcitednameswiththepagenumberwithinparenthesesattheendoftheborrowedmaterial EachDNAstrandprovidesthepatternofbasesforanewstrandtoform resultingintwocompletemolecules Bizzell andHerzberg162 Inthecaseofaparaphrase youshouldgiveyourreaderasignaltoshowwhentheborrowingbegins asshownnext OnesourceexplainsthattheDNAinthechromosomesmustbecopiedperfectlyduringcellreproduction Bizzell andHerzberg162 Citationstyle V DifferentFormsinOneCitationNoticehowthisnextpassageusesnamesandpagenumbersintwodifferentways Inthefirstsentence thewriterusesthenameoftheauthoritytointroducethequotationandplacesthepagenumberafterthequotation Inthesecond thewriterplacesboththenameandthepagenumberattheend AccordingtoJohnHartley 19thcenturyscientists discoveredsinglecellsthatdividedintotwoidenticaloffspringcells 56 Thisfindingeventuallyproducedthecelltheory whichasserts Allorganismsarecomposedofcellsandallcellsderivefromotherlivingcells Hartley131 Citationstyle VI UnprintedSourcesThatHaveNoPageNumberOnoccasionyoumayneedtoidentifyunprintedsources suchasaspeech thesonglyricsfromacompactdisc aninterview oratelevisionprogram Sincethereisnopagenumber omittheparentheticalcitation Instead introducethetypeofsource i e lecture letter e mail interview diary publicaddress sothatreadersdonotexpectapagenumber Mrs PeggyJohnsonsaidinherphoneinterviewthatprejudiceagainstyoungblackwomenisnotassevereasthatagainstyoungblackmales Citationstyle VII CitingIndirectSources I Sometimesthewriterofabookorarticlewillquoteanotherpersonfromanintervieworpersonalcorrespondence Forexample inanewspaperarticleinUSAToday page9A KarenS Petersonwritesthispassageinwhichshequotestwootherpeople Monitortheamountoftimehighschoolersspendworkingformoney EileenShiffsuggests Workisimportant butschoolmustbethepriority Parentalinterventioninachild sschoolcareerthatworkedinjuniorhighmaynotworkinhighschool psychiatristMartinGreenburgadds Theinterventionscanbeconstruedbytheadolescentasnegativeandoverburdening Headds Beencouraging notcritical Criticismcanbedevastatingfortheteenager Citationstyle VIII CitingIndirectSources II SupposethatyouwanttousethequotationabovebyMartinGreenburg YouwillneedtoquotethewordsofGreenburgandalsoputPeterson snameintheparentheticalcitationasthepersonwhowrotethearticle asshowninthefollowing Afterstudentsgetbeyondmiddleschool theybegintoresentinterferencebytheirparents especiallyinschoolactivities TheyneedsomespacefromMomandDad MartinGreenburgsays Theinterventionscanbeconstruedbytheadolescentasnegativeandoverburdening qtd inPeterson9A OntheWorksCitedpage Peterson snamewillappearonabibliographyentry butGreenburg snamewillnotappear WithoutthereferencetoPeterson nobodycouldfindthearticle Ifpossible alwayscitetheoriginalsource Citationstyle IX TwoorMoreWorksbytheSameWriterThecompletetitlesofthetwoworksbyCampbellthatarereferencedinthefollowingexampleareTheHerowithaThousandFace