KIAA Workshop on Cosmic ReionizationJuly 9-11, 2008.ppt

KIAAWorkshoponCosmicReionizationJuly9 11 2008 BrightnesstemperatureforasampleofblazarsJ H Fan Y Liu H G Wang J Y Zhangetal CenterforAstrophysicsGuangzhouUniversityChina Outline IntroductionPropertiesofBlazarsBrightnessTemperatureofBlazarsDiscussionSummary INTRODUCTION BLazarsconsistoftwosubclassesofextragalacticobjects BLLacandFSRQsRBLsLBLs1 BLLacertaeobjects BLs XBLsHBLs2 FlatSpectrumRadioQuasars FSRQs WhatisaBLLacObject Schmitt 1968 identifiedthe variablestar BLLacertaewiththeunusualradiosourceVRO44 22 01 Observationsshowedvariationinradioband Biraud Veron1968 andlinearpolarization Oslen1969 andopticalradiationwasshowntoexhibitacontinuousspectrumwithneitheremissionnorabsorptionlines Okeetal 1969 andarelativelyhighdegreeoflinearpolarization Visvanthan1969 WhatisaBLLacObject Strittmatteretal 1972 suggestedthatobjectssimilartoBLLaccompriseaclass BLLacertaeobjects Absenceofemissionlinesinthecoresources weakemissionlineswerefoundinBLs Milleretal 1978 Rapidvariabilityatradio infrared andvisualwavelengthbandsNonthermalcontinuumwithmostoftheluminosityradiatedatinfraredwavelengthStrongandrapidlyvaryingpolarization Steinetal 1976 ARA A 14 WhatisanFSRQ Opticallyviolentlyvariablequasars OVVs m 1 0m Penston Cannon 1970 Kinman 1975 OVVstendtohavesteepopticalspectraandbeassociatedwithcompactvariableradiosourceswhichhaveflatradiospectraatGHzfrequencies Highlypolarizedquasars HPQs p 3 0 MooreandStockman1981 ApJ 243 45 Core dominatedquasars CDQs R Lc Le 1 0 etc INTRODUCTION BLAZARS BLLacsandFSRQs Extragalacticobjects1Rapidvariability 2Highluminosity3Highandvariablepolarization 4superluminalmotions5Core dominatedemissionsetc Objectswithoneoftheaboveproperties BLAZARS Theterm blazar wascoined halfinjest byEdSpeigelatthefirstconferenceonBLlacobjectsinPittsburg AGNModel Fob pFin 活动星系核的标准模型 吸积盘 宽线区 窄线区 喷流 黑洞 PropertiesofBlazarsI Variability Variability Blazarsshowvariationoverdifferenttimescales Observationsshowthattherearethreetypesoftimescales Intra dayvariability IDV withvariabilitytimescalewithinoneday Shorttermvariabilitywithtimescaleofdaystomonths andlong termvariabilitywithtimescaleofyears IndividualSource 0605 085 Fan Liu Yuanetal 2007 A A RadioVariability IndividualSources 0736 1 3mag over2 0hrs Clements Jenks andTorres 2003 AJ 126 OJ287 Pietill etal 1999 A A 345 760 1994 1985 Toobserveitsexpectedoutbursts FinalndorganizedobservingprogrammeofOJ94 IndividualSources OJ287 Fanetal 2008 IndividualSources BLLac prototype Villata etal 2002 A A 390 407 IndividualSources BLLacertae Villata etal 2002 A A 390 407 IndividualSources BLLacertae Villata etal 2002 A A 390 407 X rayVariability 2155 304 Brinkmannetal 2000 A A 362 105 IndividualSources 0420 014 Wanger etal 1995 A A 298 IndividualSources 1406 076 During1993Januarythesourcewasunusuallybrightinopticalandgamma rayregions DuringthisperiodWagnerobservedarapid symmetricalflareintheopticalwavelengthrangewhichlastedforabout4days EGRETdetectedasimilarrapidflarepeakingabout22hraftertheopticaloutburst Becausesuchrapidflaresarerareevents itislikelythattheoutburstsinthetwofrequencyregimesarecorrelated Thisdelaycannotbewellexplainedbytheexistingmodel Wanger etal 1995 ApJ 454L97 TeVVariability Mkn421 Catanese Weekes1999 PASP 111 1193 IndividualSource Mkn501 Kranichetal 1999 astro ph 9907205 Lightcurveabove1 5TeVenergy 2 10KeVfromRXTE ASM IndividualSources 3C279 1stSM Fan 1999 MNRAS 308 IndividualSource 3C273 Fan Romero Lin 2001 ChA A 25 Variabilityontimescalesfromafewhoursuptomonthsandevenyearshavefrequentlybeenobservedandthelightcurvesseemtobethesuperpositionofmanyflareswithdifferentamplitudesandtimescales PropertiesofBlazarsII Polarization 1 HighPolarizationMead etal 1990 A AS 83 3C279 P 45 5 0 9 largestpolarization44sources opticalandInfraredpolarizationfrom1986to1988 Impeyetal 1991 ApJ 375 2 Polarizationandthecoreemissions Willsetal 1992 ApJ 398 3 Pol anddominanceparameter Core Dominanceparameter 4 Polarizationandvariations Fan Lin2000 ApJ 537 Polarization Beaming Fan etal 1997 A A Fanetal 1997 A A 327 偏振是Beaming存在的观测证据 后来1999年的一个GRB990123的余辉中观测到偏振的时候 Hjorthetal 1999 Science 指出GRB中有Beaming 还引用了我们的文章 Fan2002 PASJ Polarization R Fan Liu etal 2006 PASJ 58 RelationbetweenPandR Fan Liu etal 2006 PASJ 58 Polarization m RelationbetweenPandm Fan etal 2001 PASJ 53 PolarizationandBeamingEffect Thedependenceofpolarizationonthecore dominanceparametercanbeexplainedusingthebeamingmodelThecorrelationbetweenthepolarizationandthevariationcanbeexplainedusingthemodel Polarizationisassociatedwithbeamingeffect PropertiesofBlazarsIII Superluminalmotion 1 SuperluminalSources Veryrecently wecompiledasampleof123superluminalsources Zhang Fan2008 ChJAA 84quasars 27BLLacobjectsand12galaxies 0 18 36 5 10 8 6 87 0 11 46 6 10 93 6 54 LogS logz LogS logz Fromthebeamingmodel Ghisellinietal 1993 ApJ 407 Thehighluminosityisassociatedwiththebeamingmodel TherapidvariabilityisassociatedwiththebeamingmodelSuperluminalmotion Polarization andcore dominancearealsoassociatedwiththebeamingmodel Therefore thebeamingfactor boostingfactor isimportantforblazars Wetriedtoestimatethisparameterinthistalkusingthevariabletimescale MostPropertiesareassociatedwiththebeamingeffectinBlazars BrightnessTemperature EstimationofBoostingFactor Wagner Witzel Usingtimescalesasameasureofthesizeofthesource theobservedfluxmaybeconvertedintophotondensitiesorabrightnesstemperature F ThefluxdensityinJy Wavelengthincmd DistanceinMpct obs Timescaleindays Wagner Witzel 1995 ARA A 33 163 DefinitionoftheVariabilityTimeScale Sample1 WegotasamplefromtheUniversityofMichiganRadioAstronomyObservatory UMRAO Short TermTimeScale Todeterminetheshorttermtimescale weusedthefollowingprocess Foracertainsource therearethreelightcurvesat 4 8GHz 8GHz and14 5GHzrespectively Foreachfrequency therearensetsofdata t i S i i 1 2 n thenwecalculatethetimedifference t jk thevariability S jk andtheerrortransfer jk betweenthejthsetandthekthsetdata ShortTimeScale 0 07daysfor0716 714 to19 80daysfor1409 524 LogT B K 10 41 20 08 Discussions 0537 441 logT B 21 Romero1994 0917 624 logT B 17 19 deBruyn 1988 Quirrenbachetal 1992 Witzel Quirrenbach 1993 logT B 18 13 PresentWork 0235 164 T B 17 8 Krausetal 1999 T B 18 39 PresentWork Discussions Begelmanetal 1994 relativisticbeamingeffect 100ispossibleresponsibleforthehighbrightnesstemperature Wagner Witzel 1995Radiobands 200isrequiredtoexplainthebrightnesstemperatureashighas10 19KRomero1994 1000isrequiredforlogT B 21in0537 441BoostingFactor 0 30 492 71 0 3 10 N 10 200 N 3 Qianetal 1994 pointedoutthattheshockedjetmodelswithpeculiargeometriescanreducetherequirementforDopplerfactor Inthecaseofarelativisticshockmovingalongthelineofsightthroughinhomogeneous small scalestructuredistributedalongthejet thebrightnesstemperatureistransformedas Iftheviewingangleissmall thenwehave Therefore wehave 0 48to41 26 For47BLs 4 0to41 26with 11 61 4 05For93FSRQs 0 48to26 49with 12 78 3 72For21Galaxies 0 49to10 97with 5 68 2 56 Comparison 1 Ghiselli