非谓语动词用法解析和高考题.doc

非谓语动词一、 定义非谓语动词从字面来说，即不能作谓语的动词。但是它的骨子里又透出动词的本性。非谓语有三种形式to do 表示动作未完成 doing 表示动作正在进行 done 表示动作已完成。 二、特征1、有自己的主语，和主语之间有主动和被动的关系。和句子的谓语有时间先后关系，可以产生完成式。2、可以作很多句子成分，但就是不能单独作谓语，这就是它们被称为“非谓语动词”的原因。 三、充当成分（一）句子基本成分1作主语：不定式，动名词。横线位置一般在最前面，谓语紧跟其后。To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.Making mistake is human nature.To make mistake is human nature.不定式跟动名词在这里的区别就是一次性发生和经常发生。2作表语：不定式，动名词。横线在be动词后；例：To see is to believe. 3作宾语：不定式，动名词。横线紧跟谓语后；I like to make mistake.The computer needs repairing。具体动词搭配不定式，动名词还是两者皆有，自己去背。（二）句子修饰成分3定语：不定式，现在分词，过去分词。横线在名词后；和其修饰的名词存在逻辑主被动关系。(2010四川卷4) A great number of students said they were forced to practise the piano. A. to question B. to be questioned C. questioned D. questioningthe building to be built next year，不定式表示将来The building being built now，现在分词表示进行The building built last year/already，过去分词表示过去或者完成done即表示完成，没有having done/having been done形式4作宾补：不定式，现在分词，过去分词。放在宾语后；和宾语存在主被动关系。I asked him to cook meals. 即所有v. + sb. + to do里面的to do都是补语。I found him smoking in the room.发现他主动抽烟，用现在分词。I found the building completed 3 years ago. 发现房子被造好，用过去分词。5作状语：不定式，现在分词，过去分词，和句子主语存在主被动关系。 1）伴随状语He stood there, surrounded by people。He stood there, listening. 动作主动被动决定用现在分词还是过去分词With + n. + doing/done/to do，主动/被动/将来2）目的，原因，结果状语：不定式例：I come here so as to/in order to/to see you. 目的I am glad to see you. 原因Only to do 结果3)分词前置作状语，及完成式，完成被动式。例：Having no relatives, she had to make her won living. 现在分词一般式表示主动= Because she had no relatives, Surrounded by many people, he couldnt get out of the room. 过去分词一般式表示被动= Because he was surrounded by Having done this many times before, he finished it in seconds. 现在分词主动完成式表示主动完成= Because he had done it many times Having been taught many times before, he finished it in seconds. 现在分词被动完成式表示被动= Because he had been taught many times before, 其他：考查“(be +) 过去分词+介词”结构有一类“be+过去分词+介词”结构，如be interested in, be worried about, be lost in, be dressed in 等，也往往是命题的热点。四、解题方法关键词：非谓语动词时态和语态的确定。1、判断成分 不同成分划分的关键，分类靠句子横线的变化。2、区分动作的主被动 3、动作发生时间先后步骤一：先明白任何一个动词都必然有动作的执行者，也就是主语或逻辑主语；任何一个动作都有发生的时间。因此，找准逻辑主语可以确定该非谓语的语态；判断该非谓语动词与句中谓语动词的先后关系可以确定非谓语的时态。非谓语动词做定语时，其逻辑主语则是它所修饰的名词。如：1）the man wearing a gun；2）the book written by Lu Xun。从而确定动词与逻辑主语之间是主动还是被动。非谓语动词做状语时，必须牢记该动词的逻辑主语即是句子的主语，从而确定主动语态还是被动语态。步骤二：看该非谓语动词与句中谓语动词是否有明显先后关系，若发生在谓语动词之前用完成式，若在谓语动词之后，或与谓语动词同时发生用一般式。如：1）Not knowing what to do，she telephoned again。动词“know”与句子主语“she”之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词。又因为，动词“know”与句中谓语动词“telephoned”几乎同时发生，故用“knowing”。2）Given more time ，we could do better。动词“give”与句子主语之间为被动关系，故用过去分词。3）Having enjoyed the music，they came to the cinema。动词“enjoy”发生在谓语动词之前且与句子主语之间构成主动关系，故用“Having enjoyed”。非谓语动词做宾语补足语时，必须看宾语和补语之间是主动还是被动。从而确定非谓语形式。如：1）I found him reading a novel。2）They made the latest news known to everyone present at the meeting。句中宾语分别为“him”“the latest news”，补语分别为“reading” “known to.”,前者为主动,后者为被动。知道如何去判断时态和语态之后，请看下面一些针对性的例题。如：1.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language were produced in t he sixteenth century. A、written B、to be written C、being written D、having written 简析：所填的词与随后的介词短语一起构成后置定语，write 为及物动词，与前面所修饰的词有动宾关系 ，此处填过去分词，表示被动动作。 2.The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, that he had enjoyed his stay here. A、having added B、to add C、adding D、added 简析：此处所填的词与其后的宾语从句构成状语，表示伴随情景。add是及物动词（有自己的宾语从句），此处adding表示主动意义， 所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生。 因此通过相关知识渗透，找好切入点，规范解题步骤，例题精析多种题型巩固，终于突破了这一难关。典型习题1The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C,didt include women players until 1919. A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing 析：根据题干，必须选表示被动的选项，故排除A、D；因B选项表“将要被举行”意，不合题干之用，只有C选项（相当于which was first played）才合用。 2European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. A.making B.makes C.made D.to make 析：B、C是谓语动词，在此不可用。D项to make或表目的，或表“将要使得”，这都不合题干情景。只有A.making,可作状语，表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例： The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽误了。 3Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking 析：根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项，C、D应排除。Take后无宾语，必然要用被动式，故答案为A。 4John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment. A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing 析：根据be made to do sth.句式，可定答案为A。 5The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating 析：根据warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式，可排除B、D两项；又根据非谓语动词的否定式not总是在首位的规律，又可排除A，而定C。 6I usually go there by train. Why not _ by boat for a change? A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going 析：此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为D。若将B项改为try to go，则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容，乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样，所以答案仍为D。 7_ a reply,he decided to write again. A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received 析：非谓语动词的否定式not应置于首位，B、D皆为错误形式。A项不能表达先于decided的动作，只有选C项才表没收到信在先，决定再写信在后，所以C为正确答案。 8Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented析：consider表“考虑”意时，其后动词用doing形式，此处不表“考虑”，而表“认为”，这时consider后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为to do,to have done,to be等形式。据此可排除B、D两个选项。又因A表“要发明”意，不合题用，只有C表“发明了”意，才合题用，故选C。 9Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa. A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited 析：“被邀请参加晚会”，应选表被动意的选项，B不可用。D项少引导词who，也应排除。又因短暂动词的现在分词被动式不可作定语，C也应排除，只有A.invited(who were invited)才是正确答案。 10The murderer was brought in,with his hands _ behind his back. A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tired D.tied 析：B表主动意，应排除。C表“将要被捆绑”，A表“正在被捆绑”都不合题意，只有D项填入空白才能表达“双手被反绑着”这一意思，符合题干情景。再看一类似例句： He came in,(with)his head held high.他昂首走了进来。 高考题解析1. The play next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture. 2009安徽卷A. produced B. being produced C. to be produced D. having been produced【解析】句中已明显给出将来时间的标志next month,因此作定语应该选择动词不定式来表达将来.2. For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _ on his own farm. 2009北京卷A. grown B. being grown C. to be grown D. to grow【解析】fresh fruit与grow的关系是被动和完成，所以用过去分词做定语。3. All of them try to use the power of the workstation _ information in a more effective way. 2009北京卷A. presenting B. presented C. being presented D. to present 【解析】通过句意可知要用不定式作状语表目的。为了更好的展示信息。所以答案为:D 4. not to miss the flight at 15:20, the manager set out for the airport in a hurry. A. Reminding B. Reminded C. To remind D. Having reminded 2009福建卷【解析】非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语the manager，非谓语动词与句子主语是被动关系，且其表示的动作在谓语动词set out之前已经发生，非谓语动词用过去分词，选B。5. In April, 2009, President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao, the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.2009福建卷 A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being marked【解析】非谓语动词做状语，其后有宾语，故与逻辑主语是主动关系，且表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时进行，用现在分词，选A。6At the age of 29, Dave was a worker, in a small apartment near Boston and _ what to do about his future. 2009湖南卷A. living; wondering B. lived; wondering C. lived; wondered D. living; wondered【解析】考查分词的用法。句意为：29岁的大卫,是一个工人,住在一间小公寓在波士顿附近,不知怎么办关于他的未来。现在分词作定语修饰a worker，and 为并列连词，连接相同的成份。7. Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it .A. reusing B. reused C. reuses D. to be reused 2009湖南卷【解析】考查动词不定时的用法。句意为：现在人们有时把他们的废物分开，以便很容易被重复利用。重新再利用是指将来发生的动作，而且是被动的。故选D。8. _ the right