第13堂 省略结构.doc

LECTURE 13省略结构本堂目标 熟悉识别各种各种省略结构，了解各种情况下的结构现象，完整理解含有省略结构的长难句。基础预习 一个句子中有时一个或更多的成分会被省略掉，这样的句子可以称为省略句。省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种普遍的现象，因为它有助于语言的简洁。一、单句中的省略省略情况例示省略主语(Weve) Got to go now.得走了。省略谓语或谓语的一部分(Is) The machine still not working? 这机器还是不能开？省略宾语Which of them is the better choice?-Well, its hard to say (it).他们谁是合适的人选？-嗯，这很难说。主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)，只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成分What a pity (it is) you cant go to the lecture.真的很遗憾你不能去听课。(表语)How many copies do you want?-Three copies, please.你要几本？-三本。(宾语) (Come) This way, please.请这边走。(状语)Got any ink？有墨水吗？(其他成分)省略不定式He didnt come, though we had invited him to (come).我们曾邀请他过来，但他没来。省略冠词(A) Friend of mine gave it to me.我的一个朋友给我的。其他成分(Of) Course thats only a beginning.当然这还只是一个开头。【例】I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.我读大学，我妹妹读高中。All uranium atoms do not have the same atomic weight. Some of them weigh 234 units, some (of them) (weigh) 235 units, and some (of them) (weigh) 238 units.所有的铀原子并非都有相同的原子量。其中有的重234，有的重235，而有的重238。二、并列句中的省略并列结构中，尤其当后一个分句出现and, but, neither, either, nor, so, too时，后一个分句与前一个分句相同的句子成分可以省去。【例】(08-翻译)He adds humbly that perhaps he was superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully. 【点睛】在that引导的宾语从句中，and连接两个并列的分句，第二个分句省略了与前一分句相同的部分he was superior to the common run of men。【译文】他谦虚地补充道，或许他和普通人比起来，更能够注意到那些别人不容易注意到的东西，更能够对它们仔细地观察。三、不定式符号to后面的省略分类例示1）afford, hate, have, hope, intend, mean, need, plan, try, want, wish, would like/ love等动词之后，to后省略动词，以避免重复。“Will you have lunch with me tomorrow?” “Id love to, but Im afraid my sister will visit me then.”（love to后省略have lunch）2）be, have, need, ought, used, be able, be going+to结构中，与前文重复的动词省略。 “Do the Smiths live next door to you?” “No, but they used to.”（used to表示过去曾经经常干某事，而现在不这样了。to 后面为了避免重复，省略了live next door to me。）重点讲解一、宾语从句中的省略当宾语从句由which, when, where, why以及how等疑问词引导时，只保留wh-疑问词，省略其余部分。【例】He told he would come, but I dont know when (he would come).他说他要来，但我不知道什么时候。A particular area can be having a lot of earthquakes for many different reasons, and we usually cannot tell why (a particular area can be having a lot of earthquakes). 某一特定地区可能因为许多不同的原因而多次发生地震，我们通常不知道为什么。二、状语从句中的省略由whenever, whatever, wherever, however, no matter how/what/when/where及whethernor等引导的状语从句，也常常省略句中某些成分。【例】(06-Text 1)But particularly when viewed against Americas turbulent past, todays social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment. 【点睛】when引导条件状语从句。因从句的主语与主句的主语相同，都为todays social indices，故when后省略主语和be动词todays social indices are。【译文】尤其如果将当下的社会指数放在美国动荡的历史环境中来看，会发现这些指数并未表明一个黑暗而恶化的社会环境。【补充拓展】若主、从句的主语不一致，这种省略不发生。换句话说，作状语的分词短语，如果没带自己的主语，其逻辑主语通常是主句的主语。在分析这种省略结构句时，要注意主语的一致性。如下句就不能省略从句的主语while。【例】While they were golfing, a rabbit ran across the course and knocked the ball into the hole. 在他们打高尔夫球时，一只兔子跑过球场，把球撞到洞里去了。三、定语从句中的省略分类例示1）在限制性定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词whom, which, that。That is the naughty boy (whom/that) we talked about last week.那就是我们上周议论的淘气男孩。2）在direction(方向),way(方式),distance(距离),time(时间),times(倍数)等后面所接的定语从句中常省略that, which, in which。1)The direction (in which) we move a body can be changed.我们移动物体的方向是可以改变的。2)The distance (which/that) light travels in one second is 300,000 kilometers.光每秒传播距离是30万公里。【例】（07-翻译）On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news【点睛】(that/which)journalists forge为省略了引导词的定语从句，修饰the links。【译文】）另一方面，如同新闻记者每天在报道和评论新闻时会与现实生活建立起联系那样，法律把这些概念结合到日常生活中。四、特殊句型中it is的省略当遇到“when (或if，where，wherever，whenever，as soon as，as fast as，than等)+possible/necessary等”时，可理解中间省略了it is (或was)。【例】1)When (it is) necessary you can help us to do something. 必要时你可以帮助我们做些事。2)Answer these questions，if (it is) possible without referring to the book.如果有可能，请不看书回答这些问题。课堂练习难句分析1. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents. (09-Text 2)2. While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. (09-翻译)3. If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. (08-Part B)4. Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. (08-翻译)5. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology. (06-Text 4) 6 Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? (05-Text 2)7. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. (99-Passage 1)8. But long-term difficulties such as unemployment, serious illness in family or big emotional changes, not readily resolved, can cause insomnia that is so ingrained that it persists even after the crisis is over.9. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.10. In fact, adoption experts believe that people who adopt these children need special training and preparation in order to successfully rear the child and to integrate the child into the family and eventually into society.课堂讲评1. 【分析】复合句。句子的主干为This DNA can reveal genetic information。even though引导让步状语从句，从句由or连接的两个并列分句构成。并列结构中的同等句子成分省略。【译文】这种DNA只能揭示一到两位祖先的基因信息，即便如此，举例来说，只要上溯三代，一个人就会有六个其他的曾祖父母，或者上溯四代，就会有14位其他的曾曾祖父母。2. 【分析】复合句。While引导让步状语从句，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语。注意ignore与其宾语被状语in our contact with them隔开了。主句和从句的结构相同，并列结构中的同等句子成分被省略，完整形式是it is not so easy to ignore the effect of our acts upon their disposition in dealing with adults。【译文】虽然在与年轻人的接触中，我们容易忽略自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响，然而和成年人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。3. 【分析】该句为if引导的条件句。句中的move entire同前面的to make additions and deletions构成并列关系，move前省略了to；its指代的是a word processors。【译文】如果你使用文字处理软件写作，就可以通过一些简单的键盘指令进行添加和删除内容，也可以移动整个段落。4. 【分析】句子的主干是Darwin was convinced that，其中谓语动词包含被动语态，to the moral character与to the intellect并列，承前省略了be injurious。【译文】达尔文认为，失去对音乐和绘画方面的兴趣，不仅失去了快乐，而且还可能伤及智力，甚至可能危及精神品质。5. 【分析】该句是由and连接的两个并列分句。其中后一分句是省略句，承前省略了谓语tracks，补充完整应为a commercial cultureis notbut an ideology tracks the emergence of mass media with it；其中定语从句in which修饰culture。【译文】反快乐艺术的兴起几乎完全与大众传媒同步出现，而随之兴起了一种商业文化，在这种文化中，快乐不仅仅是一个理想，而且是一种意识形态。6. 【分析】第一个问句的主干是Do you remember all those years；其中when引导的定语从句修饰years；第二、三个问句省略主句Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted；the science uncertain承前省略了was。【译文】你还记得那些年代吗？当科学家认为吸烟将会杀死我们，但是持怀疑态度的人坚持，我们并不知道确切的原因。他们声称证据不确定，科学不可靠。他们认为反对吸烟的议员公开地破坏生活方式，政