Infanticide.doc

What is The Meaning of InfanticideChild-murder; the killing of an infant before or after birth.Infanticide is the intentional killing of children under the age of 12 months according to the Infanticide Act 1938 in the UK.Some occurrences of infanticide in some countries1. Infanticide in Ancient EgyptIn Egyptian households, at all social levels, children of both sexes were valued and there is no evidence of infanticide.19 The religion of the Ancient Egyptians forbade infanticide and during the Greco-Roman period they rescued abandoned babies from manure heaps. Jan Assmann asserts there is no clear evidence of human sacrifice ever happening in Ancient Egypt.在埃及的家庭,社会水平,男女人杀婴的价值,没有证据。19古埃及人的宗教禁止杀婴和古希腊罗马时期他们从肥料堆救出了被遗弃的婴儿。简阿斯曼断言没有明确的活人献祭发生在古埃及的证据。2. Infanticide in ChinaInfanticide was known in China as early as the 3rd century BC, and, by the time of the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD), it was widespread in some provinces. Buddhist belief in transmigration allowed poor residents of the country to kill their newborn children if they felt unable to care for them, hoping that they would be reborn in better circumstances. Furthermore, some Chinese did not consider newborn children fully human, and saw life beginning at some point after the sixth month after birth.杀婴被认为早在公元前3世纪,在中国,时间的宋代(公元960 - 1279),这是普遍的在一些省份。佛教相信轮回允许贫穷国家的居民杀死刚出生的孩子如果他们觉得无法照顾他们,希望他们会在更好的情况下重生。此外,一些中国并不认为刚出生的孩子完全“人”,看到“生活”在某种程度上开始后出生后第六个月。2.Infanticide in Georgia and RussiaThe Georgian killed newborn females by filling their mouths with hot ashes.Russian woman throwing her baby to wolves3. Infanticide in JapanSince feudal Japan the common slang for infanticide was mabiki which means to pull plants from an overcrowded garden. A typical method in Japan was smothering through wet paper on the babys mouth and nose.Mabiki persisted in the 19th century and early 20th century. To bear twins was perceived as barbarous and unlucky and efforts were made to hide or kill one or both twins.从封建日本杀婴的常见的俚语是“mabiki”这意味着将植物从拥挤的花园。在日本一个典型的方法是通过湿纸窒息婴儿的嘴和鼻子。Mabiki坚持在19世纪和20世纪初。熊双胞胎被视为野蛮的和不幸的是努力隐藏或杀死一个或两个双胞胎。4. Infanticide in IndiaFemale infanticide of newborn girls was systematic in feudatory Rajputs in South Asia for illegitimate female children during the Middle Ages. According to Firishta, as soon as the illegitimate female child was born she was held in one hand, and a knife in the other, that any person who wanted a wife might take her now, otherwise she was immediately put to death. The practice of female infanticide was also common among the Kutch, Kehtri, Nagar, Bengal, Miazed, Kalowries in India inhabitants, and also among the Sindh in British India.According to social activists, female infanticide has remained a problem in India into the 21st century, with both NGOs and the government conducting awareness campaigns to combat it.溺杀女婴的新生女婴在封地的系统在南亚为非法的女儿童在中世纪。根据Firishta,一旦非法女孩子出生她举行“一只手,一把刀,任何的人想要一个妻子现在可能带她,否则她立即被处死”。溺杀女婴的做法也普遍喀奇,Kehtri,Nagar,孟加拉,Miazed,Kalowries在印度居民,也在英属印度的信德省。根据社会活动家,杀害女婴仍是一个问题在印度带入21世纪,非政府组织和政府开展宣传运动来对抗它。5. Infanticide in AfricaIn some African societies some neonates were killed because of beliefs in evil omens or because they were considered unlucky.在一些非洲社会一些新生儿死亡,因为邪恶的征兆或信仰的,因为他们被认为是不吉利的。6. Infanticide in AustraliaLiterature suggests infanticide may have occurred reasonably commonly among Indigenous Australians, in all areas of Australia prior to European settlement. Infanticide may have continued to occur quite often up until the 1960s. An 1866 issue of The Australian News for Home Readers informed readers that the crime of infanticide is so prevalent among the natives that it is rare to see an infant.文献表明,杀婴土著澳大利亚人之间可能发生相当普遍,在欧洲殖民之前在澳大利亚的所有领域。杀婴可能继续发生经常直到1960年代。1866家的澳大利亚新闻读者的问题告诉读者“杀婴的犯罪中是如此普遍当地人,很少看到一个婴儿。”7. Infanticide in BrazilThe indigenous people of Brazil allowed no more than three children per woman. Furthermore, no more than two had to be of the same sex. If the rule was broken infanticide was practiced. The people in the Bororo tribe killed all the newborns that did not appear healthy enough. Infanticide is also documented in the case of the Korubo people in the Amazon.巴西的土著居民不能超过三个孩子每个妇女。此外,不超过两个相同性别的。如果规则被打破了杀婴是练习。像是属于博罗罗部落的人杀死了所有的新生儿,没有出现足够健康。杀婴也记录在Korubo人们在亚马逊。Explanations for InfanticideThere are various reasons for infanticide. Neonaticide typically has different patterns and causes than for killing of older infants. 1. ReligiousIt was a common act, frequently targeting young children or infants as they were believed to be free from sin, thus going straight to heaven.它是常见的行为,经常针对儿童或婴儿,因为他们被认为是脱离了罪恶,因此会径直走向天堂。2.EconomicMany historians believe the reason to be primarily economic, with more children born than the family is prepared to support.In societies that are patrilineal and patrilocal, the family may choose to allow more sons to live and kill some daughters, as the former will support their birth family until they die, whereas the latter will leave economically and geographically to join their husbands family, possibly only after the payment of a burdensome dowry price.许多历史学家认为,主要原因是经济、与家庭出生的孩子比准备支持。在父系社会父系的和,家庭可能会选择让儿子生活和杀死一些女儿,前者将支持他们的出生家庭,直到他们死去,而后者将在经济上和地理上加入了丈夫的家庭,可能只有在繁重的嫁妆的支付价格。3. Population control Marvin Harris wrote that female infanticide may be a form of population control.Population control is achieved not only by limiting the number of potential mothers; increased fighting among men for access to relatively scarce wives would also lead to a decline in population. For example, on the Melanesian island of Tikopia infanticide was used to keep a stable population in line with its resource base.马文哈里斯写道,杀害女婴可能是控制人口的一种形式。人口控制是实现不仅通过限制潜在的母亲的数量,增加战斗男性访问相对稀缺的妻子也会导致人口下降。例如,在美拉尼西亚Tikopia杀婴是用来保持一个稳定的人口与资源基础4.Customs and taboos（忌讳，禁忌）Larry S. Milner, author of Hardness of Heart/Hardness of Life, a treatise on infanticide, believes that superstition has always reigned supreme in tribal religion. Milner explores diverse customs and taboos as possible causes of infa