B、A级等级考试复习资料

B/A级等级考试复习大纲听力部分答题技巧：1.简短会话和短语会话的考查重点：I地点 根据信息题出题，借助对话中提到的多个地点出题。II职业、身份说话者自身的身份或职业，说话者双方之间的关系。III计算题 IV言外之意，弦外之意 对虚拟语气的考查，对建议的考查，对对话的考查。听力测试的主要测试点：1. 理解对话的主旨和大意，常用以下方式提问：What is the main idea of this conversation?What are the speakers mainly talking about?What is the man/woman doing?2. 获取信息细节 地点 Where is XXX now? 任务职业、身份和关系 What is the man/woman? 数字与计算题 数字辨别 计算题 How much is/are XXX?3. 推理与判断，常用以下方式提问：Whats the relationship between the two speakers? Where does the conversation take place?Where are the man and the woman?What can we learn from the conversation?4. 臆测说话者的意图、观点和态度，常用以下方式提问：What is the most probable result of the conversation?What will the man/woman do this evening?What can we know about the man/woman?What can we learn from the mans reply?How does the man/woman feel about ?2. 短文的听力理解（涉及面较广，包括历史地理、新闻报道、文化教育、风土人情、医学科技、人物传记等）听力技巧和解题方法是：I了解并熟悉提问方式 A.主题题型, 常用以下方式提问：What is the main idea/topic of the passage?What does the passage focus on?What does the passage mainly talk about?What is the passage mainly about?Which of the following is the best title of the passage?Which topic does the passage mainly discuss?Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea?B.针对具体问题提问, 常用以下方式提问：According to the passage what/when/which/who/why/how/did/was/would?Which of the following statements is true/not true?Which of the following best describes?Which of the following is mentioned/not mentioned in the passage?Which of the following is discussed/not discussed in the passage?C.针对内在含义提问, 常用以下方式提问：What can you infer/not infer from the passage?What does the passage mainly suggest?II听清主题句，把握文章的主题思想。 III抢读选项，预测文章体裁和问题。IV边听边记，抓住关键信息。 V根据所听到的信息，做出正确推断。词汇语法部分复习重点：1词形变换： vn, aad, na, an, va, av几种重要的词汇转换形式：I. 动词名词 这类在B、A级考试中涉及最多。通常是加后缀：-ment, -tion, -sion, -er, -al, -ing, -ance, -ence, -ure等 出现频率最高且最基本的是-ment, -tion, -er, -ing。e.g. Rich (imagine) can lead to great invention. ImaginationII. 形容词副词 直接加-ly e.g. He seemed very young, but he was (real) older than all of us. reallyIII. 名词形容词 后缀 -ful “充满”，“显示”，“使得” color-colorful hope-hopeful 后缀 -ly friend-friendly week-weekly 后缀 -y “充满”，“有”，“包含”,“被覆盖”或“想要”rain-rainy noise-noisy 后缀 -al “的” nation-national person-personal 后缀 -able, -ible “有能力”，“易做”，“适合”，“足以做”comfort-comfortable respect-respectable 后缀 -ive, -ed, -ous, -less 等 e.g. He is (confidence) even though he has failed several times. ConfidentMr. Zhang is (humor) _and his class is vivid (生动的). humorousIV. 形容词-名词 以 ent或 ant 结尾的形容词可以转换成以 ence(ency)或-ance(ancy) 结尾的名词。“性”或“状态” patient-patience silent-silence 后缀 ity或 ty 可以跟在形容词后面构成名词。 “性”或“状态”safe-safety certain-certainty 后缀 ness可以跟在形容词后面构成名词。“性”或“状态” il-illness careless-carelessnesse.g. To his mothers relief, Tom had perfectly recovered from his (ill) _. illnessV. 动词-形容词 动词变成分词 -ed, 表示动作是被动的和完成的； “感到”-ing, 表示动作是主动的和正在进行； “令人”a boring meeting会议让人感到无聊 a bored audience 感到无聊的观众后缀 ive impress-impressive create-creativee.g. Going abroad to have a holiday will be an (excite) _experience for us. excitingVI. 形容词-动词 前缀 en-(em- 在以字母b,p开头的单词前) “使”，“变得”able-enable(使能够) body-embody (使具体化) 后缀 en wide-widen short-shortene.g. He is asked to (short) _his report to one page. Shorten2时态和语态：1. 时间状语：by引出的时间状语为重点 2. 根据句子意思决定时态语态的。e.g. 60 people (employ) _in this big factory last year. were employed3虚拟语气：. if 引导的条件虚拟句。if引导的条件虚拟句条件状语从句 (if)主句与现在事实相反的假设一般过去时（be用were）would(should,might,could) + 动词原形与过去事实相反的假设had + 过去分词would(should,might,could) + have + 过去分词与将来事实相反的假设一般过去时should (were to) +动词原形would(should,might,could) + 动词原形其意义略有差别：should + have + 过去分词，表示本应该做而没有做；might + have + 过去分词, 表示对过去发生的事情的肯定推测，可能性很小；could + have + 过去分词，表示本可作却没做。e.g. If the team members hadnt helped me, I (fail) _in the experiment. Would have failed . 表示命令、要求、建议等概念的词其后主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句往往采用(should)+动词原形的形式。. 固定句型的虚拟语气: It is high/about time后从句需用虚拟语气，其动词形式用过去时，表示不是事实。would rather, wish, as if等后面跟从句的虚拟语气；对过去事实进行假设用“had + 过去分词”，对现在或将来的事实进行假设用一般过去时。. 虚拟倒装句。. 混合虚拟句。The teacher required that student arrive at the classroom before 7：30 in the morning.Is it necessary that the task (should) be finished today?Suggest, advise, require, command, demand, ask, insist, Suggestion, advice, requirement, Necessary, important, strange, .(should) do. It is important that Jim (should) learn English well. 4主谓一致（就近原则、语法一致原则、意义一致原则）、倒装结构（全部倒装、部分倒装）、名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句）。e.g. Serving the people is my great happiness.Only then did he find it important to get along with others.Thefactthathehasnotbeenseenrecentlydisturbseveryoneinhisoffice.5非谓语动词：动名词 动词不定式 分词（现在分词、过去分词）。感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性e.g. Judging by the depressed look on his face, he might have failed in the exam.Please remember to lock the door when you leave. Seen from the top of the hill, the village is very beautiful. 6定语从句（限制性定于从句、非限制性定于从句）、状语从句（时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步）、强调句型。e.g. Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.7情态动词的用法、形容词，副词的比较级，最高级、英语词汇的固定搭配等。e.g. He has got the habit of putting aside a little money in case of emergency.Its much easier to talk about your problems than it is to solve them.阅读理解的解题方法：1.“三读解题法”：快读、查读和研读。2.抓住主题思想。 3.查找事实和细节。 4.进行逻辑推理判断。 5.猜测生词含义。 6. 阅读理解中主观题的解答。答题时必须根据题目的具体要求，注意答案规定的单词数、冠词的使用以及转述中人称的转换等。Task 3 和Task 5回答问题题目一般要求不能超过三个单词，且大都可从原文中找出。常用翻译技巧：1.增补与省译、2.词性的转换、3.语序的调整、4.分译与合译。段落翻译要注意以下几个问题：1.判断文体,抓住主题；译成汉语的内容必须与段落的中心思想一致。2. 找准段落中的翻译要点，确定某些关键词或词语的含义；对文中理解了的内容要尽量全部表达出来；不可因为有些内容没看懂就连理解的部分也不译出来。3.通过适当的翻译技巧用规范的汉语来表达译文；4.译文不必过于讲究修饰，但文字要达意、通顺，易于理解。中文书写要清楚，正确使用标点符号，避免错别字。应用文写作：1.便条 请假条（Note） 留言（Message） 通知（Notice）2.信函 信函的格式：日期、称呼语、信的正文、结尾和签名。邀请函（请柬、邀请函） （邀请）复函（接受邀请、不接受邀请） 求职信 告别信 道歉信 感谢信 推荐信 投诉信 订购信等3.个人简历 4.电子邮件（邮件头、正文、签名） 5.传真（注意格式）6.备忘录（注意格式） 7.海报 8.日程安排 9.招聘启事200912A级询问信200906A级询问信200912B级邀请信200906B级电子邮件（缩略）200812A级投诉信200806A级商务/事物信函200812B级感谢信200806B级请假条200712A级申请信200706A级内部通知200712B级通知200706B级电子邮件200612A级商务/事物信函200606A级商务/事物信函200612B级访客留言200606B级通知200512A级邀请信200506A级催款信200512B级商务/事物信函200506B级填问卷调查表200412A级询价/报价信200406A级征稿启事200412B级填写海报200406B级求职信200312A级电子邮件200306A级通告200312B级填申请表200306B级邀请信及回信200212 A级招聘启事200206 A级给请求信回信200212 B级简历200206 B级通知200112 A级投诉信200106 A级通知200112 B级通知200106 B级电话留言作文最重要的是格式正确，内容不遗漏，语言没有错误，不必有许多自由发挥。用简明的英语句子把提纲要求的内容表达清楚，予以合理组织就可以了！January - Jan. 一月 February - Feb. 二月 March - Mar. 三月 April - Apr. 四月 May五月June 六月 July 七月 August - Aug. 八月 September - Sept. 九月October - Oct. 十月 November - Nov. 十一月 December - Dec. 十二月Pretco考试关键句型汇总1 It 作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型 She had said what it was necessary to say.2 强调句型 It is not who rules us that is important, but how he rules us.3 All+抽象名词或抽象名词+itself（very+形容词）He was all gentleness to her.4 利用词汇重复表示强调A crime is a crime a crime.5 something（much）of和nothing（little）of something of相当于to some extent，表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中，则为anything of ，可译为有点，略微等。译为毫无，全无。much of译为大有，not much of可译为算不上，称不上，little of可译为几乎无。something like译为有点像，略似。They say that he had no university education, but he seems to be something of a scholar.6 同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，of以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语，以修饰of后面的那个名词。如her old sharper of a father，可译为：她那骗子般的父亲。Those pigs of girls eat so much.7 asascan（may）be It is as plain as plain can be.8 It is in（with）as in（with） It is in life as in a journey.9 as good as相等于，就像，几乎如；实际上，其实，实在。The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt him.10many as wellas和might as well as many as wellas可译为与其，不如，更好，以这样做为宜，如同，也可以等等。might as well as表示不可能的事，可译为犹如，可与一样荒唐，等等。One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.11to makeof的译法（使成为，把当作） I will make a scientist of my son.12 oo+不定式，not（never）too+不定式，toonot+不定式 She is too angry to speak.13 only(not, all, but, never) too to do so 和too ready (apt) + to do结构中，不定式也没有否定意义，凡是not，allbut等字后+tooto，义，在too ready（apt） +to do结构中，不定式也没有否定意义。 You know but too yell to hold your tongue.14 no more than句型 A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.15 not so muchas和not so much as 结构，not so muchas=not so much as ，其中as有进可换用but rather，可译为：与其说是毋须说是。而not so much as=without（not）even，可译为甚至还没有。The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it .16 Nothing is morethan和Nothing is so as结构，Nothing is morethan和Nothing is so as都具有最高级比较的意思，Nothing I可换用no，nobody，nowhere，little，few，hardly，scarcely等等，可译为没有比更为，像再没有了，最等。 Nothing is more precious than time.17 cannottoo结构,cannottoo意为It is impossible to overdo或者，即无论怎样也不算过分。not可换用hardly，scarcely等，too可换用enough，sufficient等 You cannot be too careful.18 否定+but 结构，在否定词后面的but，具有which not，who not，that not，等等否定意义，构成前后的双重否定。可译成没有不是或都等 Nothing is so bad but it might have been worse.19 否定+until (till)结构，在否定词no，not，never，little，few，seldom等的后边所接用的until/till，多数情况下译为直到才，要才，把否定译为肯定。Nobody knows what he can do till he has tried.20 not sobut和not such a but结构，这两个结构和否定+but的结构差不多，不同之点是这两个结构中的but是含有thatnot意味的连续词，表示程度。可译为还没有到不能做的程度，并不是不，无论怎样也不是不能等。 He is not so sick but he can come to school.21 疑问词+shouldbut 结构，外的事，意为nonebut，可译为除了还有谁会，岂料，想不到竟是等。Who should write it but himself?22 who knows but (that)和who could shouldbut结构，这个结构是反问形式，一般意译为多半，亦未可知等等，有时也可直译。Who knows but (that) he may go?23 祈使句+and和祈使句+or结构，祈使句+and表示Ifyou，祈使名+or表示ifnot，you。Add love to a house and you have a home. A ad righteousness to a city and you have a community. A ad truth to a pile of red brick and you have a school.24 名词+and结构，在这个结构中，名词等于状语从句，或表示条件，或表示时间。A word, and he would lose his temper.25 as,so结构，这里的so的意思是in the same way（也是如此）。此结构表明两个概念在程度上和关系上相似。As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.26 if any结构，if any和if ever，意思是果真有，即使有，表示加强语气。与此类似的还有：if anything（如有不同的话，如果稍有区别），if a day（=at least，至少）。There is little, if any, hope.27 be it ever(never)so和let it be ever(never)so结构，这里，be it中的be留形式，现代英语则使用let it be。ever so和never so都表示同一意思，都表示very。Be it ever so humble (let it be ever so humble), home is home.28 the last+不定式和the last +定语从词结构，这种结构中的last意思是the least likely，用于否定性推论。可译为最不大可能的，最不合适的，由原意的最后一个变成最不可能的一个。He is the last man to accept a bride.29 sothat句型，这个句型的意思是如此，以致于，但在翻译成汉语时，许多情况下，并不是一定要译成如此以致于，而是变通表达其含义。He ran so fast that nobody could catch him up.30 more + than+原级形容词（副词）结构，这是将不同性质加以比较，其中的more有rather的意思。It is more than probable that he will fall. 31 more than +动词结构，度，可译为异常，岂止，十二分地等。This more than satisfied me.32 good and 的副词用法，译为非常，很等。类似还有nice and , fine and , lovely and , bright and , rare and , big and 等，均表示程度。The apples are good and ripe.33 and that结构，这个and that应译为而且，表示对它前面陈述部分的语气加强，that代表前面的整个陈述部分。Return to your work , and that at once.34 at onceand结构，这个结构译为既又，起相关连接的作用，相当于bothand。The novel is at once pleasing and instructive.35 in that结构，这个结构的意思是在那一点上（方面），可译为因为。类似的结构还有in this。The budget is unrealistic in that it costs.36 the name notwithstanding结构，这个结构中notwithstanding是介词，这个介词可以置前，可以置后，比如也可写成：notwithstanding the name。起让步状语的作用。Some people think of the storage battery as a sort of condenser where electricity is stored. But this is an entirely wrong conception, the name notwithstanding.37 Everynot和Allnot结构，Everynot表示不见得每个都是；Allnot表示不见得所有都是的意思。Every man is not polite, and all are not born gentlemen.38 may as well notas结构，此结构可译为与其不如不。One may as well not know a thing at all as know it but imperfectly.39 have only to do结构，此结构表示只须（消）就能的意思。We have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery made by Edison to see the significance of it.40 not (no) unless句型No increase in output can be expected line is installed41 betterthan句型Better my life should be ended by their hate, than that hated life should be prolonged to live without your love.42 as it were是一个非常常用的插入语，意思是好象，可以说等。Apiece of iron near a magnet, though apparently separate from it , feels, as it were, the threads of this attachment.43 复杂结构，在下面例句中，由于anyone的定语从句过长，把谓语must realize提到定语从句之前。Though faith and confidence are surely more or lass foreign to my nature, I do not infrequently find myself looking to them to be able, diligent, candid, and even honest. Plainly enough, that is too large an order, as anyone must realize who reflects upon the manner in which they reach public office.44 notany more than为：不能，正如不能。One cannot learn to sketch and express himself graphically only by reading about it any more than one can learn to swim while standing by the pool.45 By that as it may是Let it be that as it may的省略形式，是由be引起的另外一种假设结构，意思是虽然如此，尽管这样。It is said that the nerve poison is the more primitive of the two, that the blood poison is, so to speak, a new product from an improved formula. Be that as it may, the nerve poison does its business with man far more quickly than the blood poison.46 if at all是一个由if引起的主为即将，即使等。I can see only with great difficulty, if at all.47 由there引起的句型容易产生复杂的句子结构.There have been opened up to the vast and excellent science, in which my work is the beginning, ways and means by which other minds more accurate than wine will explore its remote corners. 48 range from to结构。这是一个常见结构，译时很多情况下应变通处理，不能完全依靠辞典上的释义。Computer applications range from an assembly line completely run by computers to a children toy responding to remote signals.49 the way结构I always thought she was a common-sense person who discussed things the way they ought to be discussed.50 复杂宾补结构In recent years, the development of sensitive and equipment has made it possible to measure the acuity of hearing of any individual at different frequencies.51 某些分隔结构1） 动词短语相关部分被分隔（当make use of ，take notice of，pay attention to，等动词短语变成被动语态时）。Use is made of solar energy in heating houses.2）双重定语引起的分隔。But there is of culture another view, in which not solely the scientific passion, the sheer desire to see things as they are, natural and proper in an intelligent being, appears as the ground of it.52 to be doingwhen是一个句型，多译为某人正在做时，突然。在简单的句子中容易看出，一旦句子变得复杂一些，可能就不太容易识别这种句型。She said she and a friend had gone out to dinner that night, and were walking home together at about 10 oclock, when a very big, very tall man, accosted them and demanded their purses.53 tooto句型Then I remembered how often I, too, had been indifferent to the grandeur of each day, too preoccupied with petty and sometimes even mean concerns to respond to the splendor of it all.54 so much that句型But he developed gradually a very musical English. He learnt to write sentences that fall away on the ear with a misty languor and it delighted him so much that he could never have enough of it.55 when好译，不能一看到when从句就考虑译为当的时候，它还有许多种译法。Anything is better than not to write clearly. There is nothing to be said against lucidity, and against simplicity only the possibility of dryness. This is a risk that is well worth taking when you reflect how much better it is to be bold than to wear a curly wig.56 notbecause，有时可否定前面，有时可否定because本身，往往出现歧义。应根据上下文面判定。In 1600 the earth was not the center of the majority then supposed it was; nor, because she had more readers, was Ella wheeler Wilcox a better poet than Father Hopkins.57 sothat, suchthat是一个普通的句型，但在同一个句子里有两处使用它却比较少见。The truth is, that in one point of view, this matter of national literature has come to such a pass with us, that in some sense we must turn bullies, else the day is lost, or superiority so far beyond us, that we can hardly say it will ever be ours.58 by doing结构。这个结构的意思是通过（做），但翻译实践中不能拘泥于这种释义，不少情况下需要灵活变通。The hippos, by depositing dung in the water, fed the fish that support the storks that destroy the rare trees.59 下面例句为一倒装句，主语很长，句型。这是以形容词作表语的倒装，翻译实践中多把倒装部分译到最前面。No less obvious is the fact there are great numbers of people so constituted or so brought up that they cannot get so much pleasure out of processes and in a poorer life less full of meaning.60 whatof句型I can not say of myself what Johnson said of Pope: He never passed a fault unimpeded by indifference, nor quitted it by despair. I do not write as I do; I write as I can.61 英语的一个习惯用法是：当否定谓语think（believe）时，实际上是否定其后面的宾语从句。否定就落在宾语从句上。这样宾语从句就变成了双重否定，译时可以按双重否定译，也可按肯定来译。It is a valuable work. I do not think anyone writes so well that he cannot learn much from it.62 to have not(as) to see味。He had not the good breeding to see that simplicity and naturalness are the truest marks of distinction.63 It occurred to sb. that意为突然想到，It dawned on sb.that.突然想起等。 从句是想起的内容。I remember once being on a bus and . He suddenly looked back at me-i.e.our eyes met. My instinctive reaction was to avert my gaze. It occurred to me that if I had