安全生产_实验动物使用者职业健康与安全概述

實驗動物使用者職業健康與安全OccupationalHealthandSafetyintheCareandUseLaboratoryAnimals 黃彥智國家實驗動物中心Email evan nlac org tw 演講目的 1 讓學員瞭解人員使用實驗動物之職業健康與安全的風險評估2 職業健康與安全應注意事項及適當的防護方法 職業健康與安全之定義 OccupationalHealthandSafety Institutionalemployees fellows studentsandvisitorswhointhecourseoftheirworkwithresearchanimalsmightbeexposedtohazardsthatcouldadverselyaffecttheirhealthandsafety Allindividualshavedirectcontactwithanimals livingtissues bodyfluids wastes 從事動物實驗者可能遭遇到的工作傷害 1 Allergens2 Biologicalhazards Zoonoticdiseases3 Physicalandchemicalhazards4 Protocolrelatedhazards 職業健康與安全 OccupationalHealthandSafety 計畫設計及管理 Programdesignandmanagement 計畫 Programs 1 Knowingthehazard2 Avoidingandcontrollingexposures3 Trainingandeducation4 Rulesandguidelines5 Consistency6 Recordkeepingandmonitoring7 Commitmentandcoordination 職業健康與安全 OccupationalHealthandSafety 管理 Management 1 Animalcareanduse2 Research3 Environmentalhealthandsafety4 Occupationalhealth5 Administrationandmanagement6 IACUCprovidelinksamongthefiveaboveinstitutionalfunctions 動物房過敏原 AllergensintheAnimalFacility 動物房過敏原 AllergensintheAnimalFacility 主要過敏原RatsandMice urineprotein ratn1A pre albumin ratn1B a2 euglobulin Musm1 producedinliverandsalivaandsecretedinurine 100timesinserum male4times female Rabbits Ag 1 fur glycoprotein major Ag 2 saliva urine minor Cats Feld1 producedinsebaceousglandsoftheskinandcoatsofthehairshafts 動物房過敏原 AllergensintheAnimalFacility 預防 Prevention 1 Facilitydesign HEPAfilter filtertop airchangesandHVACetc RH 54 77 2 Workpractices Workersshouldbemadeawareoftherisksandavoidexposureasmuchaspossible 3 Personalprotectiveequipment Onceapersondevelopsallergicsymptoms surgicaldisposablemasksareusuallynoteffective 4 Evaluationoftheallergicworkers medicinesoravoidexposurecompletely 減少暴露於動物性過敏原的方法 Ventilatedhood biosafetycabinet dust surgicalmaskAnimalroomsshoulddeliveratleast10airchangesperhourDon twearyourstreetclotheswhenworkingwithanimals Wearprotectiveclothing Reduceyourskincontactwithanimalsbywearingglovesandlong sleevedlabcoatsWashyourhandsfrequently Washhands faceandneckbeforeleavingtheworkareaAvoidtouchingyourhandstoyourfacewhileworkingwithanimalsandanimalequipmentKeepcagesandyourworkareaclean 人畜共通疾病的防治 Controlofzoonoticdiseasesintheanimalfacility 1 Engineeringcontrol facilitydesign 2 Animalquarantineandstabilization3 Workpracticesandprocedures4 Personalprotectiveequipment5 Trainingandeducation6 RoleofthefacilitydirectorandIACUC7 Institutionalpoliciesandrules 實驗動物病原分類 A 人畜共通傳染病B 實驗動物致死病原C 非致死但可引起實驗動物發生疾病或生理功能改變D 實驗動物機緣性病原E 非病原但可為實驗動物微生物條件的指標 各種動物實驗可能風險 Risksbyanimalspecies 人畜共通傳染疾病 囓齒類 Hantavirus 漢他病毒 如何在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染 I HantavirusesareagenusinthefamilyBunyaviridae whicharelipid envelopedviruseswithanegative strandedRNAgenome Theyaresusceptibletomostdisinfectants e g dilutehypochloritesolutions 70 alcohol ormostgeneral purposehouseholddisinfectants LimitedstudieswithHantaanvirushaveshownsensitivitytoapHoflessthanorequalto5 Infectivityhasbeenreportedtopersistinneutralsolutionsforseveralhoursat37Candforseveraldaysatlowertemperatures aswellasindriedcell culturemediumforupto2daysThatiswhyoneofthemostimportantwaystopreventtransmittingHPSistocarefullywetdowndeadrodentsandareaswhererodentshavebeenwithdisinfectantand orbleach 如何在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染 II Laboratorytransmissionofhantavirusesfromrodentstohumansviatheaerosolrouteiswelldocumented Exposurestorodentexcreta freshnecropsymaterial andanimalbeddingarepresumedtobeassociatedwithrisk Otherpotentialroutesoflaboratoryinfectionincludeingestion contactofinfectiousmaterialswithmucousmembranesorbrokenskin and inparticular animalbites BiosafetyLevel2 BSL 2 facilitiesandBSL 2practicesarerecommendedforlaboratoryhandlingofserafrompersonspotentiallyinfectedwiththeagentsofHPS 如何在實驗室預防漢他病毒感染 III PotentiallyinfectedtissuesamplesshouldbehandledinBSL 2facilitiesCell cultureviruspropagationshouldbecarriedoutinBSL 3containmentfacilitiesLarge scalegrowthofthevirus includingpreparingandhandlingviralconcentrates shouldbeperformedinBSL 4containmentfacilities LCMV 淋巴球性腦膜脈絡膜炎病毒 Lymphocyticchoriomeningitisvirus LCMV isamemberofthefamilyArenaviridae ItisanotherRNAvirus Wildmice laboratorymiceandSyrianhamstersserveasimportantnaturaltransmitterstoseveralspecies includinghumans Thevirusisshedinurine saliva andmilkduringchronic asymptomaticinfections Ininfectedmice verticaltransmission thedirecttransmissionofthevirusfromparenttooffspring isconsidered100 efficient TwoformsofnaturalLCMinfectioninmice 1 asymptomatic viremiawithviralshedding 2 animalsappearnormaluntil7 10monthsofagewhenanimmunecomplexglomerulonephritisdevelops Thenthemicebecomeemaciated withroughhaircoatandhunchedposture anddie 如何在實驗室預防LCMV病毒感染 TheIFAandELISAaretheserologictestsmostpracticalforroutinescreening BecauseofthepossibilityofviremiaandinadvertenthumanexposuretoLCMV anoftenusedsafetymeasureistoheattheserumsampleto56Cfor30minutespriortotesting Afterthisheatinactivationprocedure anELISAcanbedonesafelyinaroutinemanner IfLCMVinfectionisdetectedinacolony thecolonyshouldbedestroyedimmediatelyforpublichealthconsiderations Cesareanrederivationisnotanoptionbecauseofthepotentialforinuterotransmission 人員醫療評估及預防醫學Whatimmunizationsorscreeningprogramsshouldbeincluded Tetanus NLAC Rabies HepatitisB Anti HBs Otherimmunizations TBtesting Serumbanking 動物感染實驗使用規範 Animalbiosafetylevel1 4一般標準操作程序工作人員設限並遵守生物安全性手冊洗手禁食個人防護設備並且不要穿戴到別的區域去污及高壓滅菌動物房舍門需往內開且能自動關閉虫害防制 動物感染實驗使用規範 二級以上需求人員接受處理病原訓練進出實驗室需管制受污尖銳物品需特別處理操作過程需有防護櫃動物房外張貼警告標誌人員接種疫苗及收集血清樣品任何程序或政策改變時之額外訓練空氣循環不能至其他動物房動物房須有去污滅菌鍋 動物感染實驗使用規範 三級以上需求所有操作程序都必須在生物安全櫃或其它防護裝置下執行動物籠在清洗前須滅菌處理所有廢棄物丟棄前必須高壓滅菌處理背扣式實驗衣鞋套或消毒池動物籠具有過濾網雙門走道或氣室自動式洗手台或腳控制動物房門自動關閉且密封非再循環空調系統 動物感染實驗使用規範 四級以上需求完全隔離之建築物滅菌後拋棄式動物籠門上鎖須主管或授權人員管制進出工作人員只能由更衣室及淋浴室進出該設施並穿著類似太空裝之安全防護所有實驗衣物須高壓滅菌處理雙門滅菌鍋煙薰室或氣室門窗防碎且密封專用的非再循環空調系統 廢氣需經HEPA過濾及去污或燒燬處理 物理性 化學性及研發時相關危害 Physical ChemicalandProtocol relatedhazards 物理性危害 Physicalhazards 1 Animalbites scratches kicksandrelatedhazards2 Sharpobjects needles brokenglassetc 3 Flammablematerials4 Pressurevessels5 Lighting 6 Electricity7 UVradiation8 Lasers9 Ionizingradiation10 Noise11 Machinery 放射性動物試驗 依原委會規範 動物房設計及使用 獨立 不滲透材質 鉛版 動物飼養管理 SOP 器具清洗 廢棄物 動物組織或屍體 工作人員保護 建立可接受之污染程度範圍 實驗室 動物房 相關器材 並例行監測實驗區域及器材 2millirem hr 使用隔絕板以減少放射線物質暴露 監測工作人員暴露劑量正確處置放射線廢棄物安全訓練及再教育 物理性 化學性及研發時相關危害 Physical ChemicalandProtocol relatedhazards 化學性危害 Chemicalhazards 1 Disinfectants Pesticides detergents2 Anestheticgasandchemicals3 Chemicalforpreservingtissues formaldehyde4 PharmaceuticsMaterialSafetyDataSheet MSDS 物理性 化學性及研發時相關危害 Physical ChemicalandProtocol relatedhazards 研發時相關危害 Protocol relatedhazards 1 Involvingchemicalsofunknownhazards2 Involvingchemicals carcinogens mutagensandpotentialhazards3 Involvinginfectiousagents Levels1 2 3 and44 Proceduresandmanipulation 危害物質使用申請程序 PI送繳使用申請表給IACUC 申請使用危害物質於動物實驗之程序 申請使用危害物質於動物實驗之程序 IACUC審核通過 實驗動物中心 安全計劃書 安委會 動物飼養管理注意事項 員工安全訓練 PI動物實驗 實驗動物中心 實驗動物相關之環保管理 臭氣 氨氣 體臭 隔離動物室 壓差