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EuropeanCulture AnIntroduction DivisionEightMarxismandDarwinism MarxismandDarwinism TheRiseofMarxismDarwinism GeneralIntroduction Marxismwasborninthe19thcenturyfromEuropeanculture Itwaslinkedtoagreatintellectualtraditionextendingintothe18thcenturyFrenchEnlightenment Germanpost Kantianphilosophy Englishclassicalpoliticaleconomy andearly19thcenturyEuropeansocialism HistoricalBackground TheIndustrialRevolutionbeginninginthe18thcenturyinBritainresultedtherapiddevelopmentofmoderncapitalismaswellasthegrowthoftheworkingclassasapowerfulindependentpoliticalforce thefirsteconomiccrisisoccurredinthe1820s theindustrialgrowthandclassstrugglebetweentheproletariatandthebourgeoisiestrengthenedtheorganizationoftheworkingclass TheThreeSourcesandThreeComponentPartsofMarxism a GermanClassicalPhilosophyandMarxistPhilosophyi Hegeliandialectics黑格尔辩证法ii Feuerbach smaterialism费尔巴哈唯物论iii Marxistphilosophy马克思主义哲学iv Marxisthistoricalmaterialism马克思历史唯物论 MaxandEngelsdevelopedutopiansocialismtoscientificsocialism theydeclaredthatsocialismwouldberealizedthroughclassstruggle andthatonlytheproletariatwasareallyrevolutionaryclass Thesketchofhistoricalevolution I MediaevalSocietyII CapitalistRevolutionIII ProletarianRevolution MarxandLiteratureLiterature forMarx isnotsimplyameansofexpression itisalsoameansofself constitution ToMarx worksofliteratureareproducts authorsareproducts andliteraturecannotremainunaffectedbythemodesofproductionandconsumptionprevalentinthesocietywithinwhichandforwhichitisproduced Summing upMarxdiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentofhumanhistoryandhealsodiscoveredthespeciallawofmotiongoverningthepresent daycapitalistofproductionandthebourgeoissocietythatthismodeofproductionhascreated Thediscoveryofsurplusvaluesuddenlythrewlightontheproblem intryingtosolvewhichallpreviousinvestigations ofbothbourgeoiseconomistsandsocialistcritics hadbeengroupinginthedark Darwinism AsIsaacNewtondominatedseventeenth centurysciencewithhisdiscoveryofthelawsgoverningthebodiesoftheuniverse soCharlesDarwindominatednineteenth centuryscience forhediscoveredthelawsgoverningtheevolutionofmanhimself Darwinshooktheworldwithhistheoriesofspecies adaptationandevolution IdeasofEvolutionBeforeDarwin a Jean BaptistedeMonetLamarck拉马克 1744 1829 Lamarck aprominentFrenchnaturalist upheldthedoctrinethatallspecies includingman aredescendedfromotherspecies Heassertedthatalllifeformshadarisenbyacontinuousprocessofgradualmodificationthroughgeologichistory b SirCharlesLyell莱尔 1797 1875 LyellwasanEnglishgeologist Hisfour volumePrincipleofGeology 1828 1833 popularizedthe unifomitarian orevolutionarytheoryoftheformationoftheearth ssurface c KarlMarx 1818 1883 Marx sconceptofevolutioninthesocialscienceemphasizedthatallsocialinstitutionwereinaconsentprocessofchange LifeofCharlesDarwin 1809 1882 Darwin sWorksandTheoriesa OntheOriginofSpeciesbyMeans
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