生於德国 Trier—卡尔马克思.ppt

KarlMarx Alienation MaterialHistoricism andFetishismRef TheRelevanceofClass Outline StartingQuestionsLifeandBasicConceptsConcept1 IdeologyandMaterialistConceptofHistory Concept2 AlienationConcept3 ValueandCommodity StartingQuestions Isourloveasconditionedbyourunconsciousdesires asbyourmaterialistexistence Iftheformercanbesublimated canthelatterbetranscended Materialistdeterminism Towhatextentisconsciousnessdeterminedby existence orthesocio economicaspectsofourlife Norton768 concept2 Alienation Whatdoes wagelabor mean Whoarewagelaborers Doesalienationhappentoanykindofwagelaborers Norton764 67 concept1 Fetishism HowdoesMarxexplainfetishism HowisitdifferentfromthewayFreuddefinesit Note Freud Todisavowthemother slackofphallus amanshiftshisobjectoflovetoaninanimateobjectassociatedwiththemotherortoaspecificpartofherbody KarlMarx hisLife 生於德國 Trier Germany onMay 1818 猶太中產階級 23歲獲得博士學位 1845 1847年間加入共產黨 和恩格斯都加入第一國際 TheInternationalWorkingMen sAssociation 1864年建立 之後馬克斯成為其領袖 1849movedtoLondonandstayedtherefortherestofhislife 革命者 恩格斯在他的墓前說他是 beforeallelsearevolutionist Schimittxiii 3 KarlMarx hisWorkandMajorConcepts upto1844 EarlyWritings1844Manuscripts TheEconomicandPhilosophicalManuscripts AlienatedLaborrevisingHegel sconceptofalienation 4types fromhisproduct fromhimselfintheactofproduction fromhis humanity orsocialessence whichistakenawayfromhim fromotherindividuals Ref McLellan KarlMarx hisWorkandMajorConcepts 1844 1847GermanIdeology WithEngels1845 46 published1932 HistoricalMaterialism Lifeisnotdeterminedbyconsciousness butconsciousnessbylife 768 fourformsofownership tribal ancientcommunal State feudal estateproperty Capitalist privateproperty exploitationcommunism KarlMarx hisWorkandMajorConcepts 1848 CommunistManifesto 1 historyofclasssocietyandthefutureofcommunism 2 communistspositionswithproletarianandcommunistrevolution3 criticismoftheothertypesofsocialism4 descriptionofcommunisttacticsandfinisheswithanappealtotheproletariatunity Ourexcerpt bourgeoisvs proletariat pp 770 71 howthebourgeoisieisrevolutionary destructiveoftraditionalstructures expandingitspower WageLaborandCapital Impoverishmentorimmiserationthesis KarlMarx hisWorkandMajorConcepts 1857 67 EconomicsGrundrisse orFoundationsoftheCritiqueofPoliticalEconomy interrelationshipofproduction consumption distribution exchange 資本論 Capital conceptsofvalue laborandsurplusvalue Concept1 Alienation From WageLabourandCapital surplusvalue thedifferencesbetweenwagelaborandsaleprice Laborpoweris acommoditywhichitspossessor thewageworker sellstocapital Boththelaborpowerandlabererbecomecommodities Capitaldoesnotconsistinaccumulatedlabor orsurplusvalue servinglivinglaborasameansfornewproduction Itconsistsinlivinglabor orlaborers servingaccumulatedlaborasameansofmaintainingandmultiplyingtheexchangevalueofthelatter Ref Alienation Hegel sconcept ThePhenomenologyofSpirit thedevelopmentofmind orspirit fromitsimmediateperceptionofthehereandnowtothestageofself consciousness understandingoftheworld andorderingtheself sactionaccordingly thestageofreason understandingofthereal afterwhichthespirit bymeansofreligionandart attainedtotheabsoluteknowledge recognizingintheworldthestagesoftheirownreason ThesestagesHegelcalled alienation creationsofthemindwhicharesuperiortothemind Concept1 Wagelabor Awagelabourerisapersonwhoseprimarymeansofincomeistoselllabor FromTheCommunistManifesto anthology771 Thebourgeoisie hasplayedamostrevolutionarypart hasstrippedofitshaloeveryoccupationhithertohonoredandlookeduptowithreverentawe Ithasconvertedthephysician thelawyer thepriest thepoet themanofscience intoitspaidwage laborers 771 Concept1 WageLabor industrialism Alienation 1844Manuscript Alienatedlabor anthology765 67 Capitalist twoclasses theproperty ownersandpropertylessworkers 764 Labourproducesnotonlycommodities itproducesitselfandtheworkerascommodity Themoreheproduces thelesshepossesses Hislaborbecomes anobject anexternalexistence outsidehim assomethingalientohim Fourkindsofalienationoflabour 767 WageLaborandAlienation Theworkerbecomesallthepoorerthemorewealthheproduces themorehisproductionincreasesinpowerandextent Theworkerbecomesanevercheapercommoditythemorecommoditiesheproduces Labourproducesnotonlycommodities itproducesitselfandtheworkerasacommodity theobjectwhichlabourproduces labour sproduct confrontsitassomethingalien asapowerindependentoftheproducer Theproductoflabourislabourwhichhasbeencongealedinanobject whichhasbecomematerial itisanobjectificationoflabour Alltheseconsequencesarecontainedinthischaracteristic thattheworkerisrelatedtotheproductoflabourastoanalienobject Concept2 Materialistconceptofhistory 1 ideology InversionofGermanidealism Lifeisnotdeterminedbyconsciousness butconsciousnessbylife anthology768 Manmakesreligion religiondoesnotmakeman Notallideasareideologies whichsupportthoseinpower Thoseconnectedwiththecontradictionsinsocio economicrelationsorthelaborprocess Contradictionscausedby1 divisionandalienationoflabor 2 possessionofprivateproperty Theproductionofideas ofconceptions ofconsciousness isatfirstdirectlyinterwovenwiththematerialactivityandthematerialintercourseofmen thelanguageofreallife Conceiving thinking thementalintercourseofmen appearatthisstageasthedirecteffluxoftheirmaterialbehaviour Menaretheproducersoftheirconceptions ideas etc real activemen astheyareconditionedbyadefinitedevelopmentoftheirproductiveforcesandoftheintercoursecorrespondingtothese uptoitsfurthestforms Consciousnesscanneverbeanythingelsethanconsciousexistence andtheexistenceofmenistheiractuallife process Ifinallideologymenandtheircircumstancesappearupside downasinacameraobscura thisphenomenonarisesjustasmuchfromtheirhistoricallife processastheinversionofobjectsontheretinadoesfromtheirphysicallife process 768 MaterialistDeterminism 1 ideology definitions GermanIdeology Rulingideasoftherulingclass Falseconsciousness Engel sterm thecameraobscuraallusion 768 Theideasoftherulingclassareineveryepochtherulingideas Theclasswhichhasthemeansofmaterialproductionatitsdisposal hascontrolatthesametimeoverthemeansofmentalproduction sothatthereby generallyspeaking theideasofthosewholackthemeansofmentalproductionaresubjecttoit Therulingideasarenothingmorethantheidealexpressionofthedominantmaterialrelationships thedominantmaterialrelationshipsgraspedasideas henceoftherelationshipswhichmaketheoneclasstherulingone therefore theideasofitsdominance 精忠報國 毋忘在莒 處變不驚 莊敬自強 1 ideology definitions Laterwritings ideologyasillusionvs ideologyasfunctionalindailylife Germanideologypublishedin1923 2ndInternational simplificationofMarx sideaofeconomicdeterminism Ideology seenasnegative WesternMarxistse g GramsciRef Anthology762 Concept2 Materialistconceptofhistoryandsociety Thesocio economicprocess e g base isbasictohumansocietyandtheotherhumanactivities suchasreligion politicsandotherculturalactivitiesandformsofsocialconsciousness whichformSuperstructure aresecondary modesofproduction Thewindmillgivesyousocietywiththefeudallord thesteam mill societywiththeindustrialcapitalist ThePovertyofPhilosophy 1847 Marxdoesnotalwayssupportthisnarrowcausalconnection Concept2 Materialistconceptofhistory2 DialecticalMaterialismFourformsofownershipinhistory future communist Classstruggle CommunistManifesto Ref DialecticalMaterialisminHistory ateachstagethereisfoundamaterialresult asumofproductiveforces anhistoricallycreatedrelationofindividualstonatureandtooneanother whichishandeddowntoeachgenerationfromitspredecessor amassofproductiveforces capitalfundsandconditions which ontheonehand isindeedmodifiedbythenewgeneration butalsoontheotherprescribesforititsconditionsoflifeandgivesitadefinitedevelopment aspecialcharacter Itshowsthatcircumstancesmakemenjustasmuchasmenmakecircumstances TheGermanIdeologyChap2 CivilSocietyandtheConceptionofHistory Concept3 ValueandCommodity Thematerialityofvalueisnotphysicalbutsocial ForMarx valueisasocialsubstancethatappearsinaseriesofmaterialforms labor sellingpeople commodifiedthings money Usevalue quality vs Exchangevalue quantity Exchangevaluecanbemeasured e g labor time laborvalueofthewage keptasasecret vs laborvalueoftheproduct Fetishism anthology776 commodityasfetishesThree stage fetishization incommodityproduction Valuecreationbylabor Capitalvol1 realization ofthisvalueinmonetalform accumulation ofthisvaluethroughcapitalinvestmentthatsetinmotionfurthercyclesofvalorization realization andaccumulation Capitalvol3 Capital auniversalform theultimatefetish ameansthatbecomesanend e g creditcardandstock Fetishism 2 Valuecreationbylabor Capitalvol1 1 p 776Athing hasavalueinuse becomessomethingtranscendent Themysteriousthingaddedtocommoditythrough Abstraction 1 producer slaborforothers takesasocialform quantifiedaslabortime 2 Thesocialcharactersofmen slabour objectiveandstampedontheirproducts 3 Theproductstakeonsocialrelationswithotherproducts Fetishism 2 quote Acommodityisthereforeamysteriousthing simplybecauseinitthesocialcharacterofmen slabourappearstothemasanobjectivecharacterstampedupontheproductofthatlabour becausetherelationoftheproducerstothesumtotaloftheirownlabourispresentedtothemasasocialrelation existingnotbetweenthemselves butbetweentheproductsoftheirlabour Thisisthereasonwhytheproductsoflabourbecomecommodities socialthingswhosequalitiesareatthesametimeperceptibleandimperceptiblebythesenses 776 77 TheSocialCharacterofLabor P 777laboralsoabstractedTherelationsbetweentheproducersbecometherelationsbetweentheirproducts arelationbetweenthings778 toequateproductswithvaluesalsomeanstoequate quantifythedifferentkindsoflaborexpendedonthem Abstraction 3 money Valueisdeterminedbylabourtime butthisisactuallyasecrethidden 779 Itis justthisultimatemoney formoftheworldofcommoditiesthatactuallyconceals insteadofdisclosing thesocialcharacterofprivatelabour andthesocialrelationsbetweenindividualproducers CommodityanditsExchangeValue Couldcommoditiesthemselvesspeak theywouldsay Ouruse valuemaybeathingthatinterestsmen Itisnopartofusasobjects What however doesbelong