虚拟语气语法讲解与习题.doc

虚拟语气一语气的分类：语气概念动词的一种形式，表示说话人对说话内容的看法和态度。分类陈述语气表示说话人认为他说的话是事实。祈使语气表示说话人提出请求，命令或劝告等。虚拟语气表示说话人认为他所说的话是和事实相反的主观设想或主观愿望。二虚拟语气的用法：（一）虚拟语气在if条件句中的用法：1. 构成：从句的谓语动词形式主句的谓语动词形式与现在事实相反过去式（be动词一般用were）should/would/could/might do 与过去事实相反过去完成式should/would/could/might have done与将来事实相反过去式（be动词一般用were）should dowere to doshould/would/could/might do-If I were you, I would give it up. (与现在事实相反)-If I had taken his advice, I would not have made such a mistake. (与过去事实相反)-If she came/should come/were to come, I could ask her for help. (与将来事实相反)2特殊用法：错综时间虚拟条件句：条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，主从句的谓语动词要根据假设的时间来定。-If you had followed the doctors advice, you would be much better now.if条件句虚拟倒装：可以把if从句中的should, were, had置于句首，省略if构成倒装。-Were I you, I would give it up.-Had I taken his advice, I would not have made such a mistake.-Should she come, I could ask her for help.含蓄虚拟条件句：有时假设的情况并不以if引导的条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语或其他方式表示。常用的词或短语有：without, but for, otherwise, or, but等。-Without/But for your help, I could not have succeeded. -I should have returned the book last week, but I was too busy. （but后为真实情况）-He was ill, otherwise/or he would have helped us. （otherwise/or前为真实情况）特殊的if句虚拟：If it were (had been) not for“要不是”-If it were not for peace, we could not be living a happy life.-If it had not been for your help, I would have failed.（二）虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法：1一些表示坚持，命令，建议，要求的词用于名词性从句中时从句的谓语动词用虚拟（一坚持，二命令，三建议，四要求）-Our teacher suggested that we (should) study hard. (宾语从句)-That we (should) study hard was our teachers suggestion. (主语从句)-It was suggested that we (should) study hard. (主语从句)-Our teachers suggestion was that we (should) study hard. (表语从句)-Our teacher gave us a suggestion that we (should) study hard. (同位语从句)suggest表示“暗示”，insist表示“坚持说”时不用虚拟。-His pale face suggested that he was ill.-The old man insisted that I had stolen his money.2主语从句中的虚拟语气：It is +形容词/名词+that从句（虚拟），常见的形容词或名词有：natural, important, necessary/essential, strange, surprising, funny, a pity, a shame, no wonder等。-It is important that we (should) keep the balance of nature.-It is a pity that he (should) go to Beijing alone. (此时should翻译为“竟然”)（三）wish的虚拟语气用法：(if only与wish用法一致)时间结构对现在情况的虚拟wish+主语+动词过去式对过去情况的虚拟wish+主语+had done/would(could/might) have done对将来情况的虚拟wish+主语+would(could/might) do-I wish I were rich. = If only I were rich. （现在）-I wished he had visited us last night. = If only he had visited us last night. （过去）-I wish I could go to the moon one day. = If only I could go to the moon one day. （将来）（四）would rather的虚拟语气用法：时间结构对现在或将来情况的虚拟would rather +主语+动词过去式对过去情况的虚拟would rather +主语+had done-I would rather he stayed at home now/tomorrow. （现在或将来）-I would rather he had stayed at home yesterday. (过去)（五）as if/as though的虚拟语气用法：（as if/though与if用法相同，如果描述的内容与事实相符不用虚拟，若不相符则用虚拟）时间结构对现在情况的虚拟as if(though)+主语+动词过去式对过去情况的虚拟as if(though)+主语+had done对将来情况的虚拟as if(though)+主语+would(could/might) do-It looks as if (though) someone were running after her now. （现在）-He behaved as if (though) nothing had happened. 他装作若无其事的样子。（过去）-It looks as if (though) she would live another 100 years. （将来）（六）表示过去未曾实现的想法，意图，诺言，希望等，能这样用的动词有：want, think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose等，表达方式有两种：“had+过去分词+to do”或“过去式+to have done”-I had meant to come, but something happened. = I meant to have come, but something happened.（七）It is (high/about) time that sb. did sth. should do sth. “该是时候了”-It is time (that) we went home. = It is time (that) we should go home.（八）情态动词用于表示对过去情况的虚拟：should/ought to have done：本应该做某事 (shouldnt/ought not to have done “本不应该做某事”)might have done：本可能做某事 (might not have done “本不可能做某事”)could have done：本能够做某事 (couldnt have done “本不能做某事”)need have done：本需要做某事 (neednt have done “本不需要做某事”)-You shouldnt have told him the bad news, which made things even worse.-I stayed at a hotel while in New York. -Oh, did you? You could have stayed with Tom.-You neednt have told him the news; he knew it already.-The car nearly hit me; I might have been killed.巩固练习：1. -The weather has been very hot and dry. -Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables _. （2010北京卷）. A. wouldnt die B. didnt die C. hadnt died D. wouldnt have died2. Teachers recommend parents their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety. (2010福建卷).A. not allow B. do not allow C. mustnt allow D. couldnt allow3. If he _my advice, he wouldnt have lost his job. （2010湖南卷）.A. followed B. should follow C. had followed D. would follow4. George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but Id rather he_ more on its culture. （2010江苏卷）.A. focus B. focused C. would focus D. had focused5. Mark _ have hurried. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early. （2010天津卷）.A. neednt B. wouldnt C. mustnt D. couldnt6. - John went to the hospital alone.- If he _ me about it, I would have gone with him. (2010天津卷).A. should tell B. tells C. told D. had told7. Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy _ . （2010浙江卷）. A. would have been saved B. had been saved C. will be saved D. was saved8. - Sorry, Professor Smith. I didnt finish the assignment yesterday. - Oh, you have done it as yesterday was the deadline. ( 2010上海卷).A. must B. mustnt C. should D. shouldnt9. I _ have watched that movie-itll give me horrible dreams. (2010 山东卷) A. shouldnt B. neednt C. couldnt D. mustnt10. He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he _ it differently. (2009 江苏卷) A. could express B. would express C. could have expressed D. must have expressed11. The doctor recommended that you _ swim after eating a large meal. (2009 浙江卷) A. wouldnt B. couldnt C. neednt D. shouldnt12. But for their help, we _ the program in time. (2009 安徽卷) A. can not finish B. will not finish C. had not finished D. could not have finished13. If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it _ all day. (2008 全国卷二) A. rained B. rains C. has rained D. is raining14. What a pity! Considering his ability and experience, he _ better. (2008 江西卷) A. need have done B. must have done C. can have done D. might have done15. -Im sorry. I _ at you the other day. -Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself. (2008 江苏卷) A. shouldnt shout B. shouldnt have shouted C. mustnt shout D. mustnt have shouted16. Thank you for all your hard work last week. I dont think we _ it without you. (2008 山东卷) A. can manage B. could have managed C. could manage D. can have managed17. I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I _ have driven her there. (2007 陕西卷) A. could B. must C. might D. should18. -My cats really fat. -You _ have given her so much food. (2007 浙江卷) A. wouldnt B. couldnt C. shouldnt D. mustnt19. _ what was going to happen, I would never have left her alone. A. Had I known B. If I know C. If I knew D. If I have known20. If you had spoken clearly, you would _. A. understand it B. be understood C. have understood D. have been understood21. _ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I 22. If I _ the meaning of the word, I would not have to look it up. A. had known B. knew C. know D. knowing23. We didnt know his telephone number, otherwise we _ him. A. would have telephoned B. must have telephoned C. would telephone D. had telephoned24. _ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. A. Were B. Should C. Would D. will25. If it were not for the fact that you _ ill, I would ask you to do this right now. A. were B. had been C. are D. be26. -Did you remind him of the meeting? -No, if I _ home, I would have. A. was B. had been C. were D. should be27. Were it not for the debts, we _ all right. A. would be B. would have been C. were D. are28. Without electricity human life _ quite different today. A. is B. will C. would have been D. would be29. You didnt let me drive. If we _ in turn, you _ so tired. A. drove; didnt get B. drove; wouldnt get C. were driving; wouldnt get D. had driven; wouldnt have got30. _ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the film so often. A. If it is not B. Were it not C. Had it not been D. If they were not31. The patient insisted that he _ ill and _ to the hospital. A. wasnt; wasnt sent B. wasnt; shouldnt be sent C. shouldnt; wasnt sent D. shouldnt be; shouldnt be sent32. I would have invited her to the party but I _ her well. A. dont know B. know C. hadnt known D. didnt know33. It is high time that the boy _ be sent to school. A. would B. should C. will D. shall34. She says shed rat