非谓语动词讲与练.doc

非谓语动词 在英语句子中，动词有两类，一类是谓语动词，另一类是非谓语动词。非谓语动词有三种，即动词不定式，动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式。动词不定式1. 动词不定式的定义不定式是动词的一种非限定形式。不定式没有人称和数的变化，不受主语人称和谓语动词的时态变化干扰。在句中不能单独做谓语，但仍保留动词的特点，即可以有自己的宾语和状语。2.不定式的基本形式肯定形式：to+动词原形否定形式：not+to+动词原形3.不定式的时态和语态不定式有进行体和完成体，也有被动语态。不定式有下列时态和语态的变化：以动词do为例主动形式被动形式一般式(表示的动作通常与主要谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或是在它之后发生)to doto be done完成式（所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生）to have doneto have been done进行式（表示当谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行）to be doing-完成进行式（在谓语动词动作之前已经开始，并且一直进行着，到说话时为止，这个动作可能已经停止，也可能还在继续）to have been doing-4.动词不定式的句法作用由于动词不定式具有名词，形容词，和副词的特征，所以它在句中可以做主语，表语，宾语，定语，状语。1） 作主语To ask him for help is necessary.It is not easy to master a foreign language.2） 作表语Her wish is to become a pop singer.3) 作宾语 She wanted to borrow my dictionary. 能直接跟不定式作表语的动词很多，常见的有：want, like, wish, hate, prefer, hope, continue, manage, try, ask, offer, start, pretend等。3） 作定语Have you got anything to say? 4) 作状语 To catch the first bus, I have to get up early. He was so angry as to be unable to speak. I was surprised to see him here.5. 疑问词+不定式的结构 疑问词who, which, what, when, where, how, whether等后面接不定式，构成不定式短语，在句中做主语，宾语，表语等。1) I dont know .(我不知道该选择哪一个)2) has not been decided.(何时动身还未定。)3) The question is .(问题是在哪能找到这本书。)6.动词不定式省略to的情况1) 在助动词或情态动词后面 May I ask you a question?2) 在make, let, see, watch, hear, notice, feel, have, listen to 等的 Let me hear you play the piano.3) 在had better, would rather, cannot but, do nothing but等结构的后面 Youd better .你最好告诉他实情。 He cannot but agree.4）在will you please+动词不定式一类表示邀请或命令的句型中 Will you please ? 请给我带点鸡肉来好吗？注：1.在介词except, but之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，不定式一般不带to，反之要带to. There is nothing to do except (wait)till it stops raining. There is no choice but (wait) till it stops raining. 2.当作宾语的不定式再次出现时，为了避免重复，不定式往往省略，只保留不定式符号to。常出现在下列动词后面：want, wish, like, love, hope, plan等。 -Would you like to come to the party? -Id love to. 3.当两个或多个带to的不定式由并列连词and或or连接在一起时，第二个及其后的不定式符号to常可省略。 Id like to lie down and go to sleep.动词的ed形式 1. 定义过去分词是动词的另一种非限定形式。过去分词兼有动词，副词，和形容词的特征，可以带宾语或受状语的修饰。 2过去分词的句法功能过去分词在句中可以作定语，表语，宾语补足语或状语。1）作定语boiled water spoken English This is a book written by a peasant. 作定语的过去分词如果是个单词，一般放在被修饰词的 ；过去分词短语做定语，则放在被修饰词的 。2)作表语The door remained locked.3) 作宾语补足语 I often hear the song sung in English.4) 作状语 The professor came in, followed by a group of young people. She turned away, disappointed.注：过去分词短语做状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须与句子的主语一致。 3 过去分词的时态语态的用法 过去分词一般表示完成被动的动作，只有一种形式，来自及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意义，来自不及物动词的过去分词则表示完成的意义。动词的ing形式1.动词ing 形式的基本形式（以动词do为例）一般式（表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生）doingbeing done完成式（所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前）having donehaving been done2.动词ing形式的句法功能动词ing形式可以作主语，表语，宾语或定语。1)作主语Learning new words is very useful to me.It is a waste of time arguing with him.2)作表语 Her job is teaching English.3) 作宾语 She suggested going to the Great Wall for the spring outing. 在suggest, finish, avoid, cant help, appreciate, mind, enjoy, admit, delay, postpone, consider, deny, advise, excuse, escape, miss, pardon, imagine, risk, put off, give up, leave off等后都可以用动词ing作宾语。4）作介宾 He insisted on watching the football game. Thank you for helping me. 能接动词ing的短语很多，常见的有：think of, dream of, prevent from, look forward to, depend on, be tired of, be interested in, be proud of, be afraid of, devote to等5）作定语There is a swimming pool in our school.6） 作状语 Walking in the street, I met a friend of mine. Being ill, he didnt go to school. Working hard, you will succeed. Being poor, the old man was happy. He sat at the table, reading a magazine.3. 动词ing的否定式：not + ving Not knowing what to do, he asked the teacher for advice.4. 动词ing形式做宾语时与不定式的区别1） 谓语动词的词义不变。但是当表示经常发生的动作或比较抽象的意义时，多用动词ing形式作宾语；而表示某个将来的动作或具体的意义时，则多用不定式做宾语。2） 谓语动词的词义不同V+ ving+ to vremember记得过去曾经做过某事记得要做的事forget忘记了过去曾经做过的事忘记要做的事try试着做某事努力做某事mean意味着做某事打算做某事regret对已经发生的事表示后悔对发生的事表示抱歉go on接着做另一件事继续做同一件事stop停止做某事停下别的事来做某事巩固练习1. Catching the first bus will mean at five oclock.A. to get up B. get up C. getting up D. got up 2. I will never forget Paris for the first time.A. to visit B. visit C. visiting D. visited 3. The students are busy for the examination.A. prepare B. preparing C. to prepare D. to be prepared 4. I regret hard at school.A. not to study B. not having studied C. not study D. having not studied 5. The old man needs .A. look after B. looking after C. being looked after D. to look after 6. All flights because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A. were canceled B. having been canceled C. had been canceled D. have been canceled 7. Traveling is , but we often feel when we are back from travels.A. interesting; tired B. interested; tiring C. interesting; tiring D. interested; tired 8. When I was passing by I saw them basketball on the playground.A. play B. to play C. playing D. played 9. The mother saw their children well at the nursery.A. taking care of B. to take care of C. to be taken care of D. taken care of 10.Tell the children there not to make so much noise.A. play B. playing C. to play D. played 11. Something is wrong with my watch. I must have it .A. repair B. repairing C. to repair D. repaired 12. Most of the artists to the party were from South Africa.A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been incited 13. I was walking in the street when I heard my name .A. to call B. to be called C. called D. calling 14. The teacher entered the classroom, by two students.A. following B. followed C. follow D. by following 15. English is one of the widely languages.A. use B. using C. used D. to use 16. There is nothing to do except till it stops snowing.A. to wait B. waiting C. wait D. waits 17. I am sorry you so much trouble. And thank you for help.A. to give B. to have given C. giving D. gave 18. The doctor told the children less and more.A. to eat; sleep B. eat; sleep C. eating; sleeping D. eat; to sleep 19. Id rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than a room with someone else.A. to share B. to have share C. share D. sharing 20. Let me if he had decided it. A. to know; to do B. to know; do C. know; to do D. know; do强化知识能力1. The storm left, a lot of damage to this area.A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused2. Sarah, hurry up. I am afraid you wont have time to before the party.A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change3. My advisor encouraged a summer course to improve my writing skills.A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take4. Dont leave the water while you brush your teeth.A. run B. running C. being running D. to run 5. The flu is believed by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused6. The flowers sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt7. -Why did you go back to the shop? -I left my friend there.A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. waits8. The manager, his factorys products were poor in quality, decided to give his workers further training.A. knowing B. known C. to know D. being known9. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if whether he was going in the right direction.A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see10. Mr. Smith, of the speech, started to read a novel.A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring11. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found in the kitchen.A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked12. The teacher asked us so much noise.A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make13. time , he will make a first-class tennis player.A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D.Given14. It is believed that if a book is , it will surely the reader. A. interested; interest B. interesting; be interested C. interested; be interesting D. interesting; interest15.The discovery of new evidence led to . A. the thief having ca