学派网 2013职称英语_点题班_理工模拟试题 理工A.doc

学派网2013年职称英语学派网2013年职称英语点题预测班理工(A)讲义第1部分：词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。1. All the flats in the building had the same layout.A. arrangementB. colorC. sizeD. function2. Our aim was to update the health service, and we succeeded.A. offerB. provideC. fundD. modernize3. He has been granted asylum in France.A. powerB. reliefC. protectionD. license4. Nothing would induce me to vote for him again.A. teachB. helpC. discourageD. attract5. Every week the magazine presents the profile of a well-known sports personality.A. successB. evidenceC. descriptionD. plan6. Her comments about men are utterly ridiculous.A. slightlyB. completelyC. partlyD. faintly7. The walls are made of hollow concrete blocks.A. bigB. longC. emptyD. new8. We almost ran into a Rolls-Royce that pulled out in front of us without signaling.A. overtookB. passedC. hitD. found9. When I heard the noise in the next room, I couldnt resist having a peep.A. chanceB. lookC. visitD. try10. She moves from one exotic location to another.A. familiarB. similarC. properD. unusual11. He was weary of the constant battle between them.A. fondB. proudC. afraidD. tired12. The photographs evoked strong memories of our holiday in France.A. storedB. refreshedC. blockedD. erased13. New born babies can discriminate between a mans and a womans voice.A. distinguishB. treatC. expressD. analyze14. He shifted his position a little in order to alleviate the pain in his leg.A. easeB. controlC. experienceD. suffer15. The weather was crisp and clear and you could see the mountain fifty miles away.A. freshB. hotC. heavyD. windy阅读第二篇第2部分：阅读判断（第16-22题，每题1分，共7分）A Dogs DilemmaFinding a babysitter while you go out to work is, for example, an inconvenience. For the African wild dog, one of the continents most endangered carnivores, its a matter of life and death. New research shows that once packs fall below a certain size, there are not enough animals to both hunt food and stay at home protecting the young.The African wild dog has declined drastically over the past century. Habitual loss, persecution and unexplained outbreaks of disease have all been blamed. Only 3000 to 5000 animals remain, and the species is expected to go extinct within decades if the trend continues.Other large carnivores such as the spotted hyena face similar pressures, yet are not declining. Now Franck Courchamp of Cambridge University has found a reason why. The dogs weakness lies in its social organization.Within each pack of up to 20 adults and pups, only the dominant male and female breed. The remaining animals help raise the pups, cooperating to hunt prey and defend the kill from other carnivores.Because pups cant keep up on a hunt, large packs leave an adult behind to protect them from predators, which include lions and hyenas. But leaving a babysitter also carries costs. A smaller hunting party is less able to tackle large prey and to defend the kill. There is also one less stomach in which to carry food back to the den, and one more mouth to feed when they get there.Courchamp investigated this awkward trade-off by modeling how the costs of a babysitter change with decreasing pack size. This showed that packs of more than five adults should be able to feed all the pups and still spare a babysitter. But with smaller packs, either the hunting or the babysitting suffers, or the animals have to compensate by increasing the number of hunting excursions which itself carries a cost to the pack.Field observations in Zimbabwe supported the model. Packs of five animals or fewer left pups unguarded more frequently than larger packs did. There was also evidence that when they did leave a babysitter, they were forced to hunt more often.A pack which drops below a critical size becomes caught in a vicious circle, says Courchamp, who is now at Paris-Sud University. Poor reproduction and low survival further reduces pack size, culminating in failure of the whole pack. And deaths caused by human activity, says Courchamp, may be what reduces pack numbers to below the sustainable threshold. Mammal ecologist Chris Carbone at Londons Institute of Zoology agrees. Maintaining the integrity of wild dog packs will be vital in preserving the species, he says.16. The African wild dog has been endangered.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17. The spotted hyena is on the verge of extinction.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned18. The remaining lions will die out within decades.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. The dominant female is always left behind to protect the young.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. There is a tension between babysitting and hunting.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21. The size of a pack must be big enough for it to survive.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. Steps will be taken to protect the African wild dog.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23-30题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第2326题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第2730题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。Smoke Gets in Your Mind1. Lung cancer, hypertension, heart disease, birth defects we are all too familiar with the dangers of smoking. But add to that list a frightening new concern. Mental illness. According to some controversial new findings, if smoking does not kill you, it may, quite literally, drive you to despair.2. The tobacco industry openly pushes its product as something to lift your mood and soothe anxiety. But the short-term feel-good effect may mask the truth: that smoking may worsen or even trigger anxiety disorders, panic attacks and depression, perhaps even schizophrenia.3. Cigarettes and mental illness have always tended to go together. An estimated l.25 billion people smoke worldwide. Yet people who are depressed or anxious are twice as likely to smoke, and up to 88 per cent of those with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia are smokers. A recent American survey concluded that around half of all cigarettes bum in the fingers of those with mental illness.4. But the big question is why? The usual story is that the illness comes first. Mentally ill people take up smoking, or smoke more, to alleviate some of their distress. Even when smoking seems to start before the illness, most doctors believe that early but invisible symptoms of the disorder spark the desire to light up. But perhaps something more sinister is going on.5. A growing number of researchers claim that smoking is the cause, not the consequence of clinical depression and several forms of anxiety. We know a lot about the effects of smoking on physical health, and now we are also starting to see the adverse effects in new research on mental illness, says Naomi Breslau, director of research at the Henry Ford Health Care System in Detroit.6. Breslau was one of the first to consider this heretical possibility. The hint came from studies, published in 1998, which followed a group of just over 1,000 young adults for a five-year period. The 13 per cent who began the study with major depression were around three times more likely to progress from being light smokers to daily smokers during the course of the study, though there was no evidence that depression increased the tendency to take up smoking. But a history of daily smoking before the study commenced roughly doubled the risk of developing major depression during the five-year period. Smoking, it seems, could pre-date illness.7. At first Breslau concluded that whatever prompts people to smoke might also make them depressed. But as the results of other much larger studies began to back the statistical link, she became more convinced than ever that what she was seeing were signs that smoking, perhaps the nicotine itself, could somehow affect the brain and cause depression.8. One of these larger studies was led by Goodman, a pediatrician. She followed the health of two groups of teenagers for a year. The first group of 8,704 adolescents were not depressed, and might or might not have been smokers, while the second group of 6,947 were highly depressed and had not been smokers in the past month. After a year her team found that although depressed teenagers were more likely to have become heavy smokers, previous experimentation with smoking was the strongest predictor of such behaviour, not the depression itself. What is more important is that teenagers who started out mentally fit but smoked at least one packet per week during the study were four times more likely to develop depression than their non-smoking peers. Goodman says that depression does not seem to start before cigarette use among teens. Current cigarette use is, however, a powerful determinant of developing high depressive symptoms.9. Breslau, too, finds that smokers are as much as four times more likely to have an isolated panic attack and three times more likely to develop longer-term panic disorder than non-smokers. Its a hard message to get across, because many smokers say they become anxious when they quit, not when they smoke. But Breslau says that this is a short-lived effect of withdrawal which masks the reality that, in general, smokers have higher anxiety levels than non-smokers or ex-smokers.A. Doubt about the Usual BeliefB. Researchers Opinions DividedC. Positive Effects of Smoking as AdvertisedD. Close Association Between Depression and SmokingE. Breslaus Conclusion Supported by Another Larger StudyF. Effect of Smoking on Mental Health Initially Proved23. Paragraph 3 24. Paragraph 4 25. Paragraph 6 26. Paragraph 8 27. Nowadays many doctors have become aware that smoking is not only a hazard to peoples physical health .28. The cigarette ads which claim that smoking can help soothe anxiety .29. Breslaus study than Goodmans but lasted longer.30. To contradict Breslaus conclusion, many smokers say that they are less anxious when they smoke .A. have been proved to be misleadingB. but to their mental health as wellC. taking up smokingD. involved fewer peopleE. they started to smoke at an early ageF. but their level of anxiety increases when they quit smoking阅读判断第4部分：阅读理解（第31-45题，每题3分，共45分）下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。第一篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright31. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs? Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.32. Dr. Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of finding what made our ancestors walk upright.33. Kyoto Universitys study discovered that chimpanzees liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.34. Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto Universitys experiment? Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.35. What can we infer from the reading passage? Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival. 词汇选项第二篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers”Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as “ecosystem engineers” and predators. The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the universitys Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said: “Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. Theyre also very territorial and very aggressive, defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area. ”“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a big influence on the grassland food web,” Sanders said.The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants, both species which can be found across Europe, including in the UK. It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area, particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect, showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.Dr Frank van Veen, another author on the study, said: “What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases, their predatory impacts have the bigger effect thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.”Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness. However, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem. Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms. 阅读第三篇36. Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers?A. Because they build their own nests.B. Because they collect food.C. Because their activity affects the environment.D. Because they are predators.37. As predators, antsA. prey on small as well as large animals.B. collect nutritious food from the soil.C. collect food as decomposers.D. prey on species much higher up the food chain.38. Dir. Sanders study centered on how antsA. can manage to thrive in huge numbers.B. defend their resources and territory against other predators.C. attack those invading animals for survival.D. produce such a big impact on the environment.39. What does paragraph 6 tell us?A. Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.B. Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.C. Ants predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.D. At higher density, ants produce a positive influence on ah area.40. What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph? A. What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live?B. How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem?C. How do human activities affect ants influence on a given ecosystem?D. How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment?补全短文第三篇Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems NeededJudith S. Weis, a biology professor who serves as president of the American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS) is leading a nationwide effort to “defend” the theory of evolution. Weis leads the effort in the face of what the institute views as opposition and indifference from school boards and government entities.The Institute believes that the teaching of evolution in America is being diminished by the teaching of creationism as well as by an overall lack of teaching Darwins theory in high school. “Theres nothing that requires schools to teach evolution. Sometimes teachers in high schools just leave it out. However, from the point of view of biologists, evolution is the central theory of biology upon which everything is based,” said Weis. “Unfortunately, teaching evolution has become a political issue in many parts of the country and AIBS, as a representative of biologists, wanted to be a major force speaking out in favor of its teaching.”Weis said the institute is working together with the American Geological Institute and the National Association of Biology Teachers and its 80-plus member organizations to address the political and legislative threats to teaching evolution. In states challenging its teaching, the institute responds by sending letters to school boards and state legislatures, by providing testimony at public meetings and by notifying members and affiliated organizations. AIBS, with more than 80 member societies and 250, 000 members, has established an e-mail system enabling scientists and teachers in each state, and member societies, to keep each other informed about threats to the teaching of evolution.Darwins theory of evolution holds that living things change and adapt to their environment and that present-day species (including human beings) are descended from earlier species through modification by natural selection. The theory has been accepted by scientists for nearly 100 years, Weis said, and has been refined, extended and strengthened over the years by findings in paleontology and developmental biology.Discoveries in genetics, molecular biology and genomics all of which provide significant benefits for human health would not be possible without the underlying knowledge of evolution. And, Weis adds, “modern molecular biology and genomics have increased our understanding of how evolution works.” Nonetheless, evolution remains a politically, if not scientifically, controversial issue.W