这是一个多事之春.ppt

MakeInformedConsumptionChoices TowardsSustainableConsumption ChanghuaWuPresident ProfessionalAssociationforChina sEnvironmentApril29th 2005BeijingUniversity ConsumerSovereignty 这是一个多事之春 不断有大企业陷入危机之中SKII 亨氏 强生 联合利华 肯德基 APP 朝日啤酒 这也是一个消费者不断宣泄自己情绪的春天 因为恐慌而不敢吃肯德基因为民族情绪而拒绝喝朝日啤酒因为有社会责任感而拒绝购买APP的产品 当这种情绪每每体现为向商家说 NO 的时候企业强烈体会到了民众消费情绪的力量 I UnderstandingConsumption Whatisconsumption Functionalrole satisfyingneedsforfood housing transport recreation leisure andsoon well beingandwelfareSocialandcultural Consumerismiswhatdefinesourageandisthelensthroughwhichmostpeopleviewourtimes GaryCross Personal Consumptionhasgivenhundredsofmillionsofpeopleanewsenseofindependenceandhasbecomeacommonbenchmarktomeasurepersonalaccomplishment Political PresidentBush after 9 11 advisedhisfellowAmericansthatitwastheirpatrioticdutytogotothemalland buy Consumers God TheCurve TheEquation I PAT Supply Demand ConsumptionChoices Consumptionpatternsaretheresultofchoicesofawidevarietyofactorsincludingbusiness governmentandindividualhouseholds AdamSmith Decisionsreachedindividuallywillbethebestdecisionforanentiresociety ExamplesofImpact 在加拿大沿海省份 由于过渡捕捞 上世纪九十年代初 鱈鱼捕捞业几乎崩溃 结果 三万渔民不得不靠政府福利为生 仅NEWFOUNDLAND一个地方 700个社区经济中 十分之一遭扼杀 中国的主要城市中有100多个城市的居民面临严重缺水 其中部分原因是城市附近河流和地下水源遭过渡开采和污染 印度森林的商业砍伐严重破坏了传统上村落管理当地森林的制度 结果 几百万村民遭受薪炭木和建筑材料缺乏之苦 Someworrisometrends 生活在高收入国家的世界15 的人口占世界总消费的56 而生活在世界最贫穷的国家的40 的人口只占总消费的11 随着上世纪90年代世界经济的不断扩大 多数人今天消费的物质在增多 很多国家的生活水平不断上升 但是 每个非洲家庭的平均消费却比25年前减少20 预测显示 世界人口到2025年将增至80亿 到2050年为93亿 人口的增加 加上生活水平的提高 尤其是发展中国家的生活水准上升 将对土地 水 能源和其他自然资源带来巨大压力 Trends continued 农业贸易在增加 但农业的扩张威胁其他生态系统 对森林 湿地 山地和生物多样性的最大威胁来自由于粮食需求的增加而带来的农业土地的扩张 以及过于密集的耕种而带来的耕地减少 到2025年 近世界一半的人口将经历缺水 全球范围内 水采集已达总可再生水资源的10 20 世界森林覆盖面积继续缩小 世界森林覆盖率在上世纪90年代减少了约2 4 每年损失约90000平方公里 矿物燃料的消耗和二氧化碳排放继续上升 发达国家的人们消费的矿物燃料相当于发展中国家的10倍 II FactorsInfluencingConsumptionChoices Access keytomakingchoices AccesstoinformationAccesstoalternativesofgoodsandservicesAccesstoinfrastructuretodeliveralternativegoodsandservicesAccesstolegalremedywhendamageoccurs OtherKeyElementsInfluencingChoices Motivations attitudesandvaluescontextual situationalSocialinfluencePersonalcapabilitiesCostsandbenefitsHabits routines cues Modelsofconsumerbehavior Models InfluenceandInformChoices InformInfluenceChange StimulateandfacilitatebetterproductsandservicesAltercurrentinfrastructureandregulatoryframeworkthatlockconsumersintounsustainablebehavior III SustainableConsumption SustainableConsumption Theultimategoal improvedqualityoflifeforallconsumers Consumer currentandfuturegenerations needsanddemandsfulfilledResourceefficientandleanMinimalnegativeenvironmental socialandeconomicimpacts UNGuidelines P 43 ResponsibilityforSCsharedbyallmembersandorganizationsofsociety withinformedconsumers government business labororganizationsandconsumerandenvironorganizationsplayingparticularlyimportantroles Informedconsumershaveanessentialroleinpromotingconsumptionthatisenvironmentally economicallyandsociallysustainable includingthroughtheeffectsoftheirchoicesonproducers P 44 Governments inpartnershipwithbusinessandrelevantorganizationsofcivilsociety shoulddevelopandimplementstrategiesthatpromoteSCthroughamixofpoliciesthatcouldinclude informationprogramstoraiseawarenessoftheimpactofconsumptionpatterns UNGuidelines P 49 Governmentsshouldpromoteawarenessofthehealth relatedbenefitsofsustainableconsumptionandproductionpatterns P 50 Governments inpartnershipwiththeprivatesectorandotherrelevantorganizations shouldencouragethetransformationofunsustainableconsumptionpatternsthrough includinginformationandcommunicationtechnologies thatcanmeetconsumerneedswhilereducingpollutionanddepletionofnaturalresources UNGuidelines P 53 Governments incooperationwithbusinessandotherrelevantgroups shoulddevelopindicators methodologiesanddatabasesformeasuringprogresstowardsSCatalllevels Thisinformationshouldbepubliclyavailable P 55 Governmentsandotherrelevantorganizationsshouldpromoteresearchonconsumerbehaviorrelatedtoenvironmentaldamageinordertoidentifywaystomakeconsumptionpatternsmoresustainable StakeholdersandPractitioners GovernmentBusinessCivilsocietyorganizationsIndividualsandhouseholdsMedia RocktheSameBoat FormpartnershipInformconsumersRaiseawarenessUnderstandconsumersEducateconsumersMarketSCproductsandservicesTrackprogresses business NGOs Individual media government Governmenttotakethelead GovernmentsareresponsibleforprovidingconsumersofhouseholdgoodsandserviceswithnecessarytoolstomakeinformedandsustainablechoicesEnsuringaccurateandreliableinformationinthemarketandprioritizingpublicenvironinformationstrategiestosupporthouseholdstoadoptmoreSCpatternsHighlydevelopedconsumer focusedinformationprogramscanassistgovernmentstoadoptpoliciesandmethodsthatwillpromoteSC NGO srole PromotepublicparticipationanddebateonSCPressuregovernmentandbusinesstowardsSCpolicyandpracticesEducate informconsumersofSCchoicesCarryoutspecificSCprograms PolicyOptionsandStrategy EnsurethatincentivestructuresandinstitutionalrulesfavorSCbehaviorEnableaccesstoSCchoicesEngagepeopleininitiativestohelpthemselvesExemplifythedesiredchangeswithingovernment sownpoliciesandpractices Anewpolicymodelforbehaviorchange enable incentives catalyze engage removebarrier giveinfo providefacilities givealternatives educate train providecapacity throughtaxsystem expenditure grants rewardscheme recognition socialpressure penalties Isthepackageenoughtobreakahabit Govtroletoexemplifyanddrivechange stimulatemarkets communityaction co production deliberationfora personalcontacts sneezers mediacampaigns opinionformers networks ToolstoReinforceChange Regulatoryinstrument 1 commandandcontrol2 incentivesanddisincentives3 information4 non mandatory Certification productinformationandimpartialtestingWasteminimizationandrecyclingGreenprocurementAwareness educationandmarketing ConsumerGovernance APolicyCycle Technical SocialandPoliticalInnovations IV CasesandPractices SettingPriorities EU NationalLevelStrategy UK ConsumerVOICEChallengesPopularBrands India Consistentfinding Indianbrandsgivemulti nationalbrandsarunfortheirmoney Indianrefrigeratorbrand Videocon outperformsWhirlpoolandSamsung Videoconalsothemostenergy efficientofallrefrigeratorstested MNCbrand Alstom finisheslastamong14brands Indiantoothpastebrandsbetterthan7MNCbrandstested Resultsandimpacts 15Environmentalguidelinesforpublicpurchasers withseveralsubtopics Accordingtothestateinstitutions40 oftheirpurchasingis greenbuys Accordingtotheregions40 oftheirpurchasingis greenbuys Accordingtothemunicipalities20 oftheirpurchasingis greenbuys GreenProcurementinDenmark Resultsandimpacts 50 ofthesuppliersansweredthatenvironmentalrequirementsfrompublicpurchasershadinfluencedtheirproductdevelopment Only50 ofthemunicipalitieshaveimplementeda greenpurchasingpolicy GreenProcurementinDenmark 33 30 14 8 0 25 32 20 8 0 3 23 51 8 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 NUMBEROFINDUSTRIES 2002 2003 2004 PROPER2002 2004 Black Red Blue Green Gold PROPERRATINGSYSTEM2002 PROPERratingsystemconsistsoffivecolorsdesignedtorepresenttheentirespectrumofenvironmentalperformance RatingsarebasedonperformanceinallaspectsofenvironmentalmanagementwithinandoutsideacompanyUnlikePROPER1995 PROPER2002methodologyincludeswater airandhazardouswasteandotherfactors GOLD GREEN BLUE RED BLACK Nopollutioncontroleffort Seriousenvironmentaldamages Effortsmeetminimumlegalstandards Betterthanlegalstandardsby50 usescleantechnology wasteminimization pollutionprevention andresourceconservation Pollutionlevel5 ofthelegalstandardsandnearzeroemissionslevel Effortsdon tmeetstandards V HurdlestoOvercome UnderstandingtheNexus policy Info practice government business individual Producer Consumer Goods Services Ecosystem NGOs media Gapsand Noises PolicyandpracticeInformation messageandpolicyPracticeandmessage information AmongpoliciesAmonginformation messagesAmongpractices InadequatePolicyToolsinAsia Scatteredpolicy initiativesandpractices lackofsynthesizedcleardefinition policyframework policytools strategy experiencetopromoteSC Andyet eachcountryhasbeenshiftingitspolicyfocusesmoretowardssustainability thoughgraduallyandslowly LackofUniformPerceptiononSC SCnotasbroadlyknownasSD SP butmanysectoralpracticesandpolicieshaveintegratedthepracticesinreallife suchassustainableenergy organicfood sustainableforestry etc SCtypicallyaspartoftheSDpoliciesandstrategies TheChinaexample resourcesavingsociety circulareconomy GapsbetweenPolicyandReality MoreChallenging Asiareviewseemstopointtothefactthatthereisanincreasinginfoandprogramstoraiseawareness educatetheconsumersandmarketcertainproducts andyetthesupplyofSC orientedproductsandservicesseemsratherinshortsupply letalonetheinfrastructurethatisneededtodeliverthem UrgentNeed So itismoreurgentthaneverforAsiancountriestolookateachothers policiesandpracticesaswellasthosefromotherpartsoftheworld todevelopitsowneffectivepolicytoolsandpromotethetransformationtowardsSC VI ChinaFactor TheWorld sLargestConsumerCountry Thelatestsurveyshowsthatin2004 Chineseconsumers totalconsumptionexpendituresreached700billionUSD withanexpectedannualgrowthupto18 fasterthantheUS In2003 Chineseconsumersate33 oftheworld srice 22 soybeanoiland12 meatproducts Outofthe1 7billionpeople 27 ofhumanity havenowenteredtheconsumersociety 240millionareinChina Whatif TheCarStory WhatwouldhappenifChinaadoptedthesameconsumptionpatternsastheUSA Thiswouldmeanproducinganother850millioncarsandmorethandoublingthew